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The North Sea is a sea within the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France. The prevailing winds around the sea are high, the sea bed is shallow, and the countries bordering the sea are highly industrialized, which has positioned the North Sea as a major area of geographic interest for renewable energy development. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a0fdf233a76409e8fed91bb591fd8308c09727ecc18e45b2171094e862505ca8/Fig2_Middelgrunden_Biogeophysical.jpg Figure 2. Each type of renewable energy has different bio-geophysical requirements that determine where they are sited and how much energy they can produce. Drawings adapted from: Svarc, Jason. “Solar Panel Construction.” Clean Energy Reviews. March 2020. Albadi, Mohammed. “Main components of a horizontal axis wind turbine.” Drawing in On techno-economic evaluation of wind-based DG. PhD Thesis, 2010. J.M.K.C. Donev et al. Energy Education - Hydroelectric facility. 2021. Salleh, Sean. “Models for Tidal Energy – How Analytics Can Examine Real-World Environmental Challenges.” Analytica Visionary Modelling. 2013. Deposit Photos. ID 341600898. Uploaded to stock photos in 2020. Pennington, Dennis. “Water use of biomass crops.” Michigan State University. 2015. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8ddb9df34e0fdd8cdba5906cac9f4a4aa06d4784f703a13a00dc958127a3ba60/Fig-3a_land-use.jpg Figure 3a. Different renewable technologies require different amounts of land to produce the same amount of energy. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/11019c3f5bfcc35da1947fd29921f2e9f36597373299ac4489e79f2595ee311a/Fig3B_Middelgrunden_Data-03.jpg Figure 3b. The transition to renewable energy is determined by economic feasibility. As technologies become cheaper over time, they are more likely to be adopted. Drawings adapted from: Bloomberg. New Energy Outlook 2021. BloombergNEF. NASEO. 2019 U.S. Energy and Employment Report. US Energy Jobs. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e0e872db8078fe46abc3a346e6665c5cad20176814e04b84259d0cbb37bf5279/Fig4_Middelgrunden_Schematics.jpg Figure 4. Each renewable energy uses a different natural resource and different systems to convert that resource into energy. Drawings adapted from: Svarc, Jason. “Solar Panel Construction.” Clean Energy Reviews. March 2020. Albadi, Mohammed. “Main components of a horizontal axis wind turbine.” Drawing in On techno-economic evaluation of wind-based DG. PhD Thesis, 2010. J.M.K.C. Donev et al. Energy Education - Hydroelectric facility. 2021. Salleh, Sean. “Models for Tidal Energy – How Analytics Can Examine Real-World Environmental Challenges.” Analytica Visionary Modelling. 2013. Deposit Photos. ID 341600898. Uploaded to stock photos in 2020. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e2df28943d46adffc271da7905a2e9536606dc4dbcebd0116f1bc79cd0440d79/Middelgrunden_Fig5_SolarGIF.gif Figure 5. Solar energy installations have the potential to become accessible spaces within the public realm with planting design, shade structures, and open access. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e5edd66b3e4d2ae5872cf94d9960aee787bee3579bf8f84565f5f780bc2bd22d/Middelgrunden_Fig6_WindGIF.gif Figure 6. Wind energy installations have the potential to become accessible spaces within the public realm with gardens, open access and infrastructure to educate the public. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a298ab710f1fb6b9e7d500f6bdb23290a6c7b7583341ff5f97f08d7ee0c052c2/Figure7_RenewablePolicyTimeline.jpg Figure 7. Denmark, Holland, UK, China and the US are all at different points in their transition to renewable energy, largely due to differing policies enacted at the federal level. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/db1eaf39d2b47f2ae949f785af5ef66a75c5e0d4a9820017eb9a3f9be248fe22/Figure-8_Kyoto-01.jpg Figure 8. Current emissions compared to the Paris Agreement targets as determined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2ab6ca0e290f924dd99d5838991bdd20eefae35aa51c42534cd8f3127c9572a8/Figure-9_Competing-land-areas-03.jpg Figure 9. All renewable energy has a minimum footprint, and the transition to renewable energy involves trade offs between land uses (see Figure 3). Drawings adapted from: Bloomberg. New Energy Outlook 2021. BloombergNEF. NASEO. 2019 U.S. Energy and Employment Report. US Energy Jobs. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1a1b193d0992ab58b9543157d97ec572b5f544d5513938364a4a0a310a276d64/Figure-10_Carbon-positive-offsets-01.jpg Figure 10. A carbon positive western society comes at the expense of other places where the raw materials for turbines, including iron ore for steel, limestone for cement and natural gas for plastics, are extracted. Rural communities and areas also bear the brunt of turbine waste disposal, as well as the turbines themselves. Image credits: Edd Jhong, Limestone mine on Taroko land, Taiwan, 2016. John W. Banagan, Mount Whaleback Iron Ore Mine in Western Australia, 2017. Eize de Vries, Turbine manufacturing in Germany, 2019. Bruce Asato, Protesters against turbine construction in Kahuku, Hawaii, 2014. Christina Stella, Old wind turbines in Casper, Wyoming, 2020. Benjamin Rasmussen. Wind Turbines Being Buried in Casper, Wyoming. 2021. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a8dfc98509947de627e6276b096434cf86a31e585ed73cfc6e9d9fb7de327703/Fig11_CBD_Middelgrunden.jpg Figure 11. The North Sea supports other industries, including oil and gas production, fishing and shipping between the nations bordering the Sea. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/92ad49bebf8b568a8ef2920d288916734c725f370420cf0eda30f278e60f0287/Figure-13_Project-06.jpg Figure 13. H+N+S developed a series of maps detailing the potential for renewable energy in the North Sea area, and visualized the potential through a series of renderings. Image credits: Sijmons, Dirk, Jasper Hugtenburg, Anton van Hoorn, and Fred Feddes. Landscape and Energy: Designing Transition. Rotterdam: nai010, 2014. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/18de072ff20325ad7bab5903511b71ebbbce5c4e53fb3e5c4a5b401ec6f97e4f/Figure-14_Future-Imaginaries-02.jpg Figure 14. The H+N+S Landscape Project 2050 - An Energy Odyssey projected a potential future for the North Sea to 2050 to demonstrate and engage stakeholders and laypeople about renewable energy generation in the North Sea to meet the 2 degree warming target established by the IPCC. Image credits: H+N+S Landscape Architects. 2050 - An Energetic Odyssey. Presented at IABR–Atelier 2050. 2015. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e43a05df3067849c5de823b255259fd94d153aa771dad82056481b9a961e0c0d/Figure-15_Components-and-Relationships-05.jpg Figure 16. The electricity from wind turbines goes through a gridded distribution system to reach consumers. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6f0da78a5cf2c5c2d29b17ccd14d67189073fbf9e541e458339c31c977665093/Figure-16_Components-and-Relationships-07.jpg Figure 15. Wind Turbines distribute energy to residential, commercial and industrial buildings through a grid-tie system. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b16b31b95e5f99dc53187dd843d7e60314b7dc705a8c1b34b7f32e7a962d6787/Fig29_2021_1103_Middelgrunden.jpg Figure 29. The People’s Climate Movement stresses the need for a transition that emphasizes climate, jobs and justice. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0c0b1c31644c42ba18373fa25d61847a3f5f4332308ac6aa5aa31d01ece7211a/Fig30_2021_1103_Middelgrunden.jpg Figure 30. The Climate Justice Alliance outlines a program to shift from an extractive to a regenerative economy. Image: Climate Justice Alliance. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6721ad4a14e7cb2e56b1b9f6f8b6e60b62ad3a0b7633c68ac9845570d3a9fecb/Fig31_2021_1103_Middelgrunden.jpg Figure 31. The Principles of Environmental Justice. Drafted and Adopted by the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit in 1991 in DC. Image: Climate Justice Alliance. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d8a89178b70529052e33ff205a5e7637f2387f6e847e31936f4ded18d613c380/Fig32_2021_1103_Middelgrunden.jpg Figure 32. The COP26 Coalition, a UK-based civil society coalition of groups and individuals mobilising around climate justice during COP26. Image: COP 26 Coalition. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/73a4bf3ceefe77db3b4d71960606cdead1582996d8376ef20ceeb55cb82b3762/Fig17_CBD_Middelgrunden-01.jpg Figure 17. Middelgrunden is located 2 miles offshore from Copenhagen, and is visible from many Danish landmarks. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/de4e1facb8d56b9f8595ead2e253a3a6f993e6d5892b701473323fa6bee717da/Fig18_CBD_Middelgrunden-01.jpg Figure 18. The project is sited in an area with developed energy infrastructure, including oil and gas facilities. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/191ca53e8e093003f26e1db68643a7124e76d17262913446aace5dfccecd0fab/Fig19_CBD_Middelgrunden.jpg Figure 19. The project is sited in a densely populated and heavily urbanized area, visible from the coast. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6468b432223f323437c6cd510a9eb87a7323641ca3d18d99976060daa23d8bc1/Figure-21_Owner-cooperatives-04.jpg Figure 21. Forming the Middelgrunden Cooperative was one of the first steps in completing the North Sea project. Local ownership through the collective resulted in more installed capacity, created local dialogue and raised public awareness for future projects. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8db21cfd3d1e10c407aadd30ec89ab016c5068fc4c93cfdceccda2ee68ea3e5e/Fig22_CBD_Middelgrunden-01.jpg Figure 22. Middelgrunden’s distinct arc shape mirrors the concentric rings of urban development in Copenhagen. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c8c01d9264133db2fc59c6c994b93f6b50ecd7a24822b0a81c2634ff16d59313/Fig23.0_CBD_Middelgrunden.jpg Figure 23a. The project is sited within clear view of the downtown district. The proximity to the city makes it easier to maintain the project. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e9c457f7edb781e8c1e9e2cfa75fda8411ad816a15caf70f9a25132ec8974c35/Fig23.1_CBD_Middelgrunden.jpg Figure 23b. The turbines are built on a shoal in shallow water. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3c3478201a7399e24a125e922a98765aa59a32f1a45415c81d1f348a98a83d5f/Fig24_2021_1103_Middelgrunden.jpg Figure 24. The original 27-turbine plan along three lines, and the longer but more elegant 20-turbine plan along a gently curving arc. Adapted from: Szumilas-Kowalczyk, Hanna K. and Pevzner, Nicholas, "Getting Beyond Visual Impact: Designing Renewable Energy as a Positive Landscape Addition" (2019). Visual Resource Stewardship Conference. 2011. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2e7577eb81f584baf29c729cff2357a083dac6123f34e1b456851895bb0914a0/Fig-25_middelgrunden-timeline.jpg Figure 25. The timeline for the Middelgrunden project began several years before the installation of the infrastructure to form the Cooperative and build local trust in the project. Adapted from: Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office. The Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm: A Popular Initiative. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office, 2003. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fd1340c53ffa1b92d5d8427472183e50901fe2a7fab8fc632b64184a62a8d119/Fig-26A_construction-techniques.jpg Figure 26a. The budget includes the turbine infrastructure and the soft costs of establishing the collective and connecting the turbines to the grid on-shore. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7871a152df052b6aca6ffc1aa6ebab2698dc7484285b2949c77d0422d8fd6d22/Figure-26B_construction-techniques.jpg Figure 26b. The foundations were a key part of the construction details to ensure the turbines would not be damaged in the event of a tropical or extratropical storm. Adapted from: Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office. The Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm: A Popular Initiative. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office, 2003. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c5e8205acc74f492323fa876da4b128f9da3d461295272664f8635ef330675b0/Fig-27_operations-and-costs.jpg Figure 27. The operation and ongoing costs of the project vary across the year, and include costs for maintenance. Adapted from: Larsen, Jens. Replacement of Transformers on Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm. European Offshore Wind 2009 Conference and Exhibition. PO. 190. Sørensen, Hans Christian, et al. MIDDELGRUNDEN 40 MW OFFSHORE WIND FARM DENMARK - LESSONS LEARNED. Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office (CEEO). 2002. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/319c6a65665a38b03d083324a653c8c81f5d5042058083479c3a009bb3543977/Fig28_Photographs-Over-Time-02.jpg Figure 28. The project was completed in phases from the turbine bases up to the blades. Adapted from: Sørensen, Hans Christian, et al. MIDDELGRUNDEN 40 MW OFFSHORE WIND FARM DENMARK - LESSONS LEARNED. Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office (CEEO). 2002. Renewable Technology. “Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm, Oresund.” Renewable Technology. Langrock, Paul. “Offshore Windfarm Middelgrunden in Denmark.” Greenpeace media. Durakovic, Adnan. ”Denmark’s Iconic Offshore Wind Farm to Get a New Lease on Life.” OffshoreWindBiz. 2020. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/92fe8c2c9b6c4e58c806e143899dd35c210842c07fda42a332204877f3dcd029/Figure20_EvolutionofDanishEnergySector_MV-01.jpg Figure 20. The Danish energy sector has evolved over time to include different forms of energy production. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f3e6fe5d614527b860a7fc8d647012cf4ac0d44bea04e37305a146b15fa4214a/Types-of-Renewable-Energy-images-01.jpg Figure 1. Renewable energy production includes solar, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal and biomass production. Drawings adapted from: Roberts, David. “What made solar panels so cheap? Thank government policy.” Vox. Dec 28th, 2018. National Geographic staff. “Wind Energy.” National Geographic Resource Library. Power Technology Staff. “World’s biggest hydroelectric power plants.” Power Technology. March 5, 2021. McFadden, Christopher. “The Future of 'Green' Might Be the Deep Blue Sea.” Interesting Engineering. January 21, 2021. Unwin, Jack. “What is geothermal energy?” Power Technology. January 28, 2020. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f78b2be9cb7663267505d4741ee0fa70315d92fcd67a15b07733e96871ac9cfe/Figure12_EvolutionofEnergyintheNorthSea.jpg Figure 12. History of energy sources in the area (Rise, Fall, Rise) https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Connected-City 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8cdc3f6023c3a5a6388d7be63bb53f94034507fbad1ff2043d8e8c96f0f419ab/96.jpg Figure 1. Plan and systems diagram of The Connected City, the winning competition entry for the Oberbillwerder master plan. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/be569df681ef19fe5611d5df40c6652e0f5b7506dce34077a6c74d8676236bac/97-98.jpg Figure 2. Left, British urban planner Ebenezer Howard's 1898 vision for a Garden City, which was organized with concentric rings divided by axial boulevards and was designed to be fully self-sufficient. Howard's plan catalyzed a wave of utopian urban master plans and models. Middle, Howard's "Three Magnets" diagram, which illustrates the political, economic and social contexts recognized in his Garden City vision. Right, German urban planner Fritz Schumacher's 1919 plan for Hamburg, where he designed for concentrated axial expansion. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/43565e54cd7bb9a7748fb24ee27b2c5f258243a5f62e4d23a34b17c9c57a444f/76-9512.jpg Figure 3. Illustrative masterplan of the Connected City, highlighting the different neighborhoods within the district. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ab03fbee4c069396f550b7ce13ce3457fff97eb52e5861ad659e9a27ff6c6b0e/98.jpg Figure 4. Diagrams explaining the concept design process. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/66934a9cc37c3f923972f70faf7e0510b5efdbac9c64e0d24678c57d360fcd31/hamburg_1-200k_DEM-01.jpg Figure 8. Hamburg's districts and topography. Oberbillwerder will become the city's 105th district. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/efedb52e356dceb13446eb440dfa83c10abf552f5580bd20546aae34c9b29e87/hamburg_1-200k_waterways_forest_agriculture-01.jpg Figure 9. Forests, farmland, and waterways in Hamburg. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6b95c631d162c415b79e6daa368aa471bb182038a3317c4ba69a47478ad59278/hamburg_1-200k_1-01-01.jpg Figure 10. Hamburg's residential areas, railways, and roads. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/00ba6bd908ede7c272911bf0558ef3abb73fefb84deb305abf9629905a1a87ff/hamburg_1-200k_2-01-01.jpg Figure 11. Hamburg population growth from 1920-2007. (City of Hamburg Ministry of Urban Development and the Environment) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8bad7deb848fbd7c0b63cdad195a5927e75f704a3a33ef239b46de853698158f/ConnectedCity_annotations_complete-13.jpg Figure 12. Hamburg's municipal development projects are the largest contemporary urban development projects in Europe. The development in Oberbillwerder is the second largest project, following the HafenCity development which began in the 1990's. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/651f7bac3437a87801f7d8b21b4e942f14dafc8d0271b20e67739f9946bc800e/76-9513.jpg Figure 14. IBA Hamburg launched a request for proposals to develop Oberbillwerder in 2016. The Connected City masterplan was selected in 2018. Image: IBA Hamburg. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a141195e3920a90f5ce71a40c01099abe5c8785bd5d48d11652ab73fec2785b2/ConnectedCity_annotations_complete-11.jpg Figure 16. Illustrative plan and diagrams of main design gestures. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/16d18a8c205dd4e419a744aa5fb42136807e97c1837ce7f768b9c689bf372fd5/76-959.jpg Figure 17. The district is divided into five quarters, each with distinct form and character. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/95967308d8ccac5f187c47f46eb76c813236136ec19d7e3394180849c023d164/ConnectedCity_annotations_complete-12.jpg Figure 22. The Connected city will use solar and biomass waste to generate and store energy. Surplus energy will be stored or distributed back to the grid. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/15ada84b54543f0e6f66b6b77a75df4bc1e8ce2695d36e234eed2aacf4dba05a/ConnectedCity_annotations_complete-05.jpg Figure 24. Four of several streetscape typologies put forth in the Connected City proposal which favor pedestrians, cyclists, and public transit, over private vehicles. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9c878ec83c789405e85ea876e09728e45c6bc8336052b799963b4448e00aa099/ConnectedCity_annotations_complete-07.jpg Figure 26. Rendering of a car free street in the district. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5e3f2cf47659e3c2ef8569b279d45093474868a133247665e7b8fc3673b7f301/ConnectedCity_annotations_complete-09.jpg Figure 28. Parks and recreational spaces are designed to adapt to become seasonal or emergency water retention areas during storm events. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/39def9c9438e6d499489cad43e2419a8ba420f64f9695b0754c2be95d42c7e98/ConnectedCity_annotations_complete-10.jpg Figure 29. Rendering of a waterway lined by paths and docks which serves as a public common in the district. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9b5e9b7489943feb501c28e7b8e3f02b4f987a6e8823c9eb0a9cc1dc74ff3d7b/Fig30_20201028_existingmap-01.jpg Figure 30. Plan of the City of Hamburg's Green Network – an open space plan for the larger Hamburg metro area that borrows from the Garden City model creating a green ring around the urban center. (City of Hamburg 2017) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6516cffffdc4c5ee625f18781220c29d8bdcfaf60db57f81b0d4145c79795c78/102-106.jpg Figure 31. Sign protesting the ‘Connected City’ plan which reads in German: “Preserve the Natural Paradise of Billwerder!” The site of the new district is currently farmland and stables. The land is also a vibrant migratory bird habitat. While part of this landscape will be preserved, activists are concerned that development will cut off species mobility and habitat as well as threaten local livelihoods. (Nein Zu Oberbillwerder 2020) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/95318fde67ac5a3e22eb12a210232344c094c2793aeccc8a058aa1c7cf9c2f2b/102-1062.jpg Figure 32. Right: Rendering of a “Blue/Green Artery” within the Oberbillwerder Connected City Plan shows mixed scale housing and storefronts on the former Billwerder farmlands. (ADEPT) Left: Existing farmland divided by drainage ditches. (Nein Zu Oberbillwerder 2020) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9def70fd3d8417aa046fdba283ebd90ece85174a2b9dfabe3fe321ae7055d850/102-1063.jpg Figure 33. Rendering of a new pastoral vision for the Connected City (ADEPT). Current farmland which will be removed to build the district. (Nein Zu Oberbillwerder 2020) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e9e12e79ccc57cb215fb0685604f67ef45c36e3f51422e2b1cf0025e51f61484/102-1064.jpg Figure 34. Rendering of a new pastoral vision for the Connected City (ADEPT). Current farmland which will be removed to build the district. (Nein Zu Oberbillwerder 2020) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a181bd0d042cfe95ea4ea50f71d78be16caffc5eec025dd099846262745cd0e6/102-1065.jpg Figure 35. Asylum seekers assigned to the state of Hamburg are first housed in an initial reception facility. When their asylum status is confirmed, those that cannot afford accommodation are housed more permanently in Follow Up Housing. Amidst the refugee crisis, Hamburg’s Follow Up housing has expanded rapidly and is still under pressure to expand. (Data from Central Coordination Unit for Refugees, 2017. Maps, Refugees in Towns) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ed8cb1697ff8841e744ee14eabf25f62f10cccebcdfc590165f018a25ea1937e/Fig01_OPTION2_20201027_hamburg_1-8000k-01.jpg Figure 0. The Carbon City - Cities like Hamburg, Germany, have grown because of their connection to international trade but in the face of climate change must come to terms with that legacy. Here we see a regional picture of GDP as it relates to maritime shipping routes and CO2 emissions. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/86254dcea7e2c332b18feb24cc80316daec3b6521dc7cb18f31f63c462bb5fa2/Fig05_20201027_hamburg_1-8000k-01.jpg Figure 5. Hamburg is a historic port city located on the Elbe River near the North Sea. It boasts the second largest economy in Germany, after Berlin. This map illustrates the connection between Hamburg's centrality as a trade hub and its economic prosperity in Europe. GDP data: The World Bank http://dataworldbank.org Shipping routes data: Global shipping routes (2004): Benjamin Halpern, Melanie Frazier, John Potapenko, Kenneth Casey, Kellee Koenig, et al. 2015. Cumulative human impacts: raw stressor data (2008 and 2013). Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity. doi:10.5063/F1S180FS. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2af5d619551064368dbc65cf0bffa66bd7fb8bc8a77963f59cb340e6f4598e73/Fig06_20201027_hamburg_1-8000k-01.jpg Figure 6. Since the beginning of the refugee crisis in 2015, Germany's migrant population has spiked dramatically. The country received more asylum seekers than any other nation in the world (UNHCR). Graph Image: European migrant crisis. Asylum applicants in Europe between 1 January and 30 June 2015. Maximilian Dörrbecker. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c91ef8b4a3b7799813677d019c49235c2136694a51fa679bd3a5719a3d05283e/Fig07_20201027_hamburg_1-8000k-01.jpg Figure 7. Map illustrating metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions by country. Germany aims to reach greenhouse gas neutrality by 2050. CO2 Emissions data: The World Bank http://data.worldbank.org Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis center; Environmental Sciences Division; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/786900027ce79db8d95e7c85742ea9976fba8fa7eb8adae8f60aa9e83e07663d/Fig13_20201027_hamburg_1-30k_alllayers-01.jpg Figure 13. Oberbillwerder is located 15 minutes southeast of the city center on historically agricultural land. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6b76df46fb82040a09047fd9cc453d2f999699f9cc98a83cf89f93d2e12c957d/Fig15_20201102_ConnectedCity_timeline-01.jpg Figure 15. Oberbillwerder's development began in 2016 under the guidance of IBA Hamburg's committee on Climate and Energy, and a year after the 2015 Migrant refugee crisis which put pressure on affordable housing in Hamburg. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/824c49b968414ac8bf802a70e8bd5c7707c4f9ea8ebabd1673644bf08e178994/Fig18-01.jpg Figure 18. Each quarter has a building typology framework that allows for a certain threshold of diversity within the type. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/49854a7ea0cdfaab755b50137191099b5508a388fdcb2f1674c678ea91803829/Fig19-01.jpg Figure 19. Mobility diagrams showing connections to existing transportation networks beyond the district as well as the road and transit organization within Oberbillwerder. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1c9151eec62be3f8a511d7b5a5e5ee4b7637362b3644061059dedbe374be1f3f/Fig20_20201102_ConnectedCity_annotations-01.jpg Figure 20. A simplified plan of energy production and distribution within the district which illustrates a distributed system of small generating plants that heat homes and offices in the district among other more energy efficient strategies. (IBA Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fb4fe60ec22be790015aa5a6a86ecfbd7b5b132b0d0561c4ba7a9e769cf485cb/Fig21_20201102_ConnectedCity_annotations-02.jpg Figure 21. Energy will be produced within the city through a combination of different methods including, geothermal, photovoltaics on roofs and facades, and passive cooling techniques. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6b1d1b0c029521db47efe32169b79fc82f21156f4fa0a2c63ca28149791c532c/Fig23_20201102_ConnectedCity_annotations-03.jpg Figure 23. The Connected City mobility plan has three major zones: shared road spaces, carless cycleways and footpaths, and multi-use mobility hubs that house parking, programming, and other resources. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ac8ee7fe5b482075416a9ff680dd7768f6ec8389c5352319a49d6a2502b891d4/Fig25_20201102_ConnectedCity_annotations-05.jpg Figure 25. The Connected City proposes a district completely free of on-street parking. All vehicular parking will be in multi-use mobility hubs scattered throughout the city. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1bcce623a1afc0a109cfce6695c82296c5dada0d050977e89e8e1e72841fe732/Fig27_20201102_ConnectedCity_annotations-07.jpg Figure 27. The Connected City open space plan is structured by a green loop that connects the district's five quarters. (City of Hamburg 2019) https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Rwanda-Institute-for-Conservation-Agriculture 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ae20a86a05e877d2d98c681ef0c1128a36492159c1bfb95122b66da80d8f82f3/RICA-Atlas-Map.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/19ac91cef572f2f55ca6446bc9c2e4ad3c687bfb4fb53498c7b5fd8361f56924/20211009_RICA_Figure0.0.jpg Figure 0. The nation of Rwanda is landlocked in the Great Rift Valley at high elevation. The country is bordered by Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi and Tanzania. These borders include protected national park lands. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/28eb00f8bd9bc55d4982130d889b3d7c8eae31c695b7d19e028bc887371d3fd7/20211009_RICA_Figure0.1.jpg Figure 0. The nation of Rwanda is landlocked in the Great Rift Valley at high elevation. The country is bordered by Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi and Tanzania. These borders include protected national park lands. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5ff4c3f5c6092df3cee49f49b5e13f33000272c71952d0a0b513cfc2b87c19be/20211009_RICA_Figure01.jpg Figure 1. The Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture is located 26 miles southeast of Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/14ce7adc79fdd5ef815ecf16100e48cc4aaa12c288a9866f2d4469471992f794/20211011_RICA_Figure02.jpg Figure 2. Rwanda is landlocked within the Great Rift Valley. The entire nation is located at high elevation; the lowest point in the country is over 3,000 feet above sea level. Rwanda does not have an oceanic coastline, but the country is dotted by lakes, the largest of which is Lake Kivu. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/adf8ec428255660ca69b6e9a15be1b8c4f56b54929bdc65c85f10a482e167b82/20211009_RICA_Figure09.jpg Figure 9. Rwanda is located in East Africa in the Great Rift Valley. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/764489e8c5b6560cbabcd88be36dd960276fe77b3c865ecb728dd54f8bcc1626/20211011_RICA_Figure10.jpg Figure 10. Rwanda has been heavily deforested over the past decades, exacerbating changes in rainfall as evapotranspiration rates decrease with fewer trees. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/04c1f6ab538ab209b6a8d1bf8a628e87cf2566231556780acb3a2277dcb8ce25/20211011_RICA_F10_Timeline-01.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1ba80d92b778c3ab566298677cba5f6bf18b10a1e092ea8c6a87cec86f5fee33/20211010_RICA_FoodSecurity_Figure11.jpg Figure 11. The RICA campus is planted using mixed agroforestry techniques to demonstrate indigenous techniques to students while they attend university. The campus includes wetlands, an ethnobotanical garden, stormwater corridor and arboretum, all of which are part of the living laboratory campus (MASS Design, 2020). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8aadfb6530176c095379eb270f8de8181eda776fdaaabb3bbe8114238dcbb99a/Figure-16_found-images-11.jpg Figure 16. Subjects including geometry are integrated into the practical curriculum and applied on campus, including planting amaranth at right angles for harvest later in the season (RICA, 2021) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a575d1441b2045c414afbaf6e071cacae0c888390d001b107fdda453af338045/20211009_RICA_Figure17a.jpg Figure 17. The campus is planted using an agroforestry matrix that uses a diverse set of species to achieve greater crop yields, and reintroduce native flora and fauna to the area (MASS Design, 2020). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7512a317db7dd87684a959540e37f644d9318ca181207ea9b73910d0700e8281/20211009_RICA_Figure17b.jpg Figure 17. The campus is planted using an agroforestry matrix that uses a diverse set of species to achieve greater crop yields, and reintroduce native flora and fauna to the area (MASS Design, 2020). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/672c6029d1ea91efa2aac45bfd94127338ab72b0d81ee400814d83bc69b98a10/20211009_RICA_Figure18a.jpg Figure 18a. The development only uses 40 of the site’s 1400 hectares (MASS Design, 2020). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/81860a72d25bbdd4351d0e0cb06a0cf72bac262976a24f50b770f8613a97b09b/20211009_RICA_Figure18b.jpg Figure 18b. The campus housing is embedded in the site’s new farmland (MASS Design, 2020). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6fb771c0589b8b6dbb45a18b6b1c4a13f68596eabea15b6c98851fb8b1cca941/20211013_RICA_Carbon-01.jpg Figure 19. The project kept strict records of the carbon emissions by separating the project footprint into design categories. Using these records, MASS Design was able to estimate that the project will be carbon positive in just over 6 years. To be carbon positive, a project must remove more net carbon emissions than it releases into the atmosphere (MASS Design, 2020). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ae97d358a5ffadb340f1001d9ca7cfe2c1691485b73b8704286a937fde1c28c4/20211013_RICA_Carbon-02.jpg Figure 20. The project was sited to minimize its carbon impact, requiring an understanding of the carbon emissions of each distinct type of landscape on the project site (MASS Design, 2020). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/eb5115dc84ad238ba028266986c570d3d7d8514fe695ceec29402accb491c898/20211013_RICA_Carbon-03.jpg Figure 21. 96% of the materials for the campus were sourced locally, and the architects were engaged with the community throughout the entire project (MASS Design, 2020) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bf5b2e8c476ea541b053bd15209f4a09dced602cdf134d727af7627db28e9da7/Figure-23_before-and-after-13.jpg Figure 24. Regenerative agriculture projects in Bugasera district have reintroduced terracing, agroforestry systems and other technologies that remake the landscape for the near future of Rwanda (Ndayambaje et al, 2021) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/74011e7502dff3dad5f29ca1cf0bf3618350e7ac8f75b06f7a1e151e361efb97/Fig6_Delepierre-06.jpg Figure 6. Delepierre drew a regionalized agro-climatic map based on climate, soils and elevation. The map failed to account for cultural differences across the country, including crop choices and indigenous knowledge around food production (Delepierre, 1975). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/622a88b8ea6a4f38db5c9c9672a2f300a1fb2efdcc650c26fc9abecd7bddda4e/Figure-7_Degree-of-Land-Degradation-09.jpg Figure 7. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has classified almost all of the land outside of Rwanda’s preserved national park systems as degraded, including heavily farmed land around river valleys and the borders of the country. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b53ad1345183adbaf211a8afa9a63ff3e4e92982886b04f0561bc9206f9b75d9/Figure-8_Regional-Crops-06.jpg Figure 8. Each region in Rwanda produces different food crops, determined by agro-climatic conditions and cultural traditions. European colonization shifted agricultural production to imported species grown in monocultures (Olson, 1994). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/72d19779a3129be1c993c97c78ad187725dfa63a08d9c6c552c0b74ad99e7c77/20211005_RICA_FoodSecurity_Figure3a-01.jpg Figure 3a. Mean rainfall over the East Africa region has varied significantly since the 1980s, making it more difficult for farmers, who depend on rain-fed agriculture, to plan their growing season. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a64c672f399e0b23079b7d491b4ae5ecdca4df3ae30a49b8db35ecbaf56d76a8/20211005_RICA_FoodSecurity_Figure3b-01.jpg Figure 3b. Rwanda experiences a temperate highland climate, with significant variations in rainfall during each calendar year. Each year, there are two rainy and two dry seasons. The longer rainy season runs from February to June, and the second from September to December. These seasons are separated by a longer dry season from June to September, and a shorter one from December to February. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8b3e87fbf9a0101db8278e907057b0815ad4f086ff3b6777c712aec144388367/20211005_RICA_FoodSecurity_Figure4-01.jpg Figure 4. Typical food security climate adaptation plans rely on a combination of four key components: technological innovations to increase resiliency against increasingly erratic climatic conditions, changes in farm production practices and farm financial management, and government subsidies to provide farmers with a guaranteed income (Taremwa et al., 2016). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ab7c740a0872de1c70f0446a0428778356131cfd1622f48888142086d53bc218/Figure-5_Rwanda-Regional-Map-01.jpg Figure 5. Across Rwanda the climate is changing, with a more arid, dry climate emerging in the north of the country, replacing the temperate tropical climate that Rwandan farmers have adapted to (MASS Design, 2020). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f9830a3f6eae4957a072c2825038f9510d69b3627245fd9677238cae802eb995/Figure-15_terracing-10.jpg Figure 15. In addition to varying agroforestry techniques, terracing is used to create large, flat beds in the steep topography to prevent erosion. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/09f8964fe87dd4a8f35c39bd355ce0569fa0047c1e529801ccf29aa2b3981ee8/20211005_RICA_FarmingPractice_Figure12a-01.jpg Figure 12a. There are various forms of agroforestry practices in Rwanda for different scales of production, including scattered trees, home gardens, trees in progressive terraces, and farm woodland lots. These techniques are passed down across generations. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1baefd768ac732119d0d948acf29606307f30f302321c0d742d9a7985164e724/20211006_RICA_FarmingPractice_Figure12b-2-01.jpg Figure 12b. These different techniques are legible across the landscape at RICA. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/64333cff36f81ac4697079bdc8c9099cac9ba8da1984acd089bed9d3044efdf3/20211006_RICA_FarmingPractice_Figure12b_1-01.jpg Figure 12b. These different techniques are legible across the landscape at RICA. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/515587a5d0a0ea84f0fd53771b733ad1efc6b8c6c85bb5d1ad5474eb6b121c41/20211010_RICA_FarmingPractice_Figure13-01.jpg Figure 13. Indigenous farming practices in Rwanda increase resilience against contemporary threats, including different challenges associated with climate change. No technique is entirely effective to prevent the impacts of climate change, but taken together, these practices build a more resilient landscape to flooding, drought and changes in solar radiation, among other climatic shifts. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b3adf20b5ee0a8f964bf5b5c8532b6e39990d086f259d4e8b87e6574dea62c5a/20211006_RICA_FarmingPractice_Figure14-01.jpg Figure 14. Progressive terraces are formed by establishing contour bunds with soil or stones in combination with distches and vegetation. The progressive terraces are formed in time by the natural processes of erosion and sedimentation. https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/East-Kolkata-Wetlands 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/afeb742766bf9c42ceec08642041f45e4754d170f6c98633dfe3699531d97a57/EKW-Gallery03_04_wetlandscale.jpg Fig. 12. The East Kolkata Wetlands sit at the edge of a growing city. Limited and difficult-to-enforce regulations around development with scattered ownership and management have led to encroaching boundaries. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7dfd556a46b0ed1fe6383c006e00d54c98474b866b08b71e3edd413e4ea40ec5/EKW-Gallery03_05_wetlandscale_satellite-01.jpg Fig. 13. The East Kolkata Wetlands sit at the edge of a growing city. Limited and difficult-to-enforce regulations around development with scattered ownership and management have led to encroaching boundaries. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/95bf9066fb0c571fa5976ced750ca3d4228cc0646f37af9a92e2d4d8c08966bc/EKW-Gallery03_06_GSAPP_Kolkata_CityGrowth.gif Fig. 14. For a studio course titled “Water Urbanism Kolkata” in Columbia University’s GSAPP urban design program, students researched the growth, by urbanization, and shrinkage, by flooding, of the city: (left) Urban Growth of Kolkata 1961-2017, Map Action - Nabi Agzamov and (right) Sea Level Rise Future Scenario. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/add43a2972a0510b010d7a957bb26f90489a9a46734bc14d76b94c5b3fe13b1b/EKW-Gallery03_06_GSAPP_SLR.gif Fig. 14-2. For a studio course titled “Water Urbanism Kolkata” in Columbia University’s GSAPP urban design program, students researched the growth, by urbanization, and shrinkage, by flooding, of the city: (left) Urban Growth of Kolkata 1961-2017, Map Action - Nabi Agzamov and (right) Sea Level Rise Future Scenario. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/41e6a50d61b8123ea199f2efba34fee8bf8955dc8cde7b99fdb9585ef40aa306/EKW-Gallery03_07_5-Change-Map-GIF.gif Fig 15. Another graphic from Columbia’s GSAPP “Water Urbanism Kolkata” studio shows the existing and projected wetland property loss in the East Kolkata Wetlands: Shrinking Wetlands: Impact of Ecological Loss, RE[DE]FINING MONUMENTALITY From Colonial Resistance to Ecological Justice, Chris Chiou, Grace Ng, Mario Ulloa, Kristen Reardon. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0bae5fd65cc98fd88df4f58aa7f3d2fb2c4778ad7ccb5d67d8ff882e7469aa9d/EKW-Gallery04_01_MacroDiagram-01-01.jpg Fig. 16. The main canal from Kolkata city flowing into the East Kolkata Wetlands. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6623c46a64c8b49708eaf86940f500900aff7038003b6f3eb087dc146a89ff13/EKW-Gallery04_02_MacroDiagram-02.jpg Fig. 17. Sewage from Kolkata City is collected and electrically pumped into the shallow ponds of the East Kolkata Wetlands using the city’s underground sewer lines. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/86d8f4e5d409ce462eedd60f8e5e33749c6d3236be739b7db36145babeccbf68/EKW-Gallery04_03_MacroDiagram-03.jpg Fig. 18. Within the Wetlands there are a number of models for how sewage is treated. In the more complex fisheries, sewage is pumped through a series of filtration ponds starting with a two-to-five meter-deep anaerobic pond that removes pathogens, breaks down solids, and increases the levels of dissolved oxygen in the water, which allow healthy bacteria to flourish and promote an overall healthier aquatic ecosystem. After these ponds, the sewage is moved to one-to-five meter-deep ponds where fish are introduced, often called “facultative ponds.” The sewage sits here for ten to forty days, during which time pathogens, heavy metals, Nitrogen, ammonia, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) continue to be filtered by plantlife or converted into healthy organic matter by fish and aquatic microorganisms. Finally, sewage is sent into one-to-five meter-deep ponds for ten to twenty-five days to allow the fish to mature, during which time phosphorus binds to sediment, further increasing the levels of dissolved oxygen in the water. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e68e0d1dcc23856ffca4ca61362f1614c695b239478ec5f903a229a48db03424/EKW-Gallery04_04_MacroDiagram-04.jpg Fig. 19. Water from the maturation ponds that is not used for farmland and rice paddy irrigation is released into the Basanti-Bodra River system to the east and further flows into the Sundarban Estuary and eventually the Bay of Bengal; making a 349.4 nautical mile trip south of Kolkata City. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5cf5641d5035761672cb81b5ffdb268fb64fe8f80ae42223dc77dfee548a69e6/EKW-Gallery04_05_MacroDiagram-05.jpg Fig. 20. This complex system is vulnerable to increasing climate risks and encroaching development. A decrease in precipitation threatens the supply of water needed to sustain operations, and sea level rise and subsequent salt-water inundation would disrupt these freshwater habitats. Source: Carlisle, Stephanie. "Productive Filtration: Living System Infrastructure in Calcutta," Scenario Journal, Spring 2013, https://scenariojournal.com/article/productive-filtration/. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/47fcbcf7883d5d5af28c412cfd991f80232390a57d0338f235885bad5d8bdcbb/EKW-Gallery04_06_MacroDiagram-06.jpg Fig. 21. These threats to the Wetlands place the communities they support further at risk by limiting or eliminating the Wetlands’ capacity to provide flood mitigation, sewage treatment, carbon sequestration, and food security. Farming of vegetables, fish, and rice produced in the East Kolkata Wetlands as a major source of food for the city of Kolkata. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9d3a0a0979e1b727cfe2320a56f7d7d16fdb65905301e27709f27fa85cb779ae/EKW-Gallery04_07_MacroDiagram-07.jpg Fig. 22. The system is highly dependent on underpaid manual labor, as most of the fisheries are privately owned and operate with incredibly thin profit margins with limited to no subsidies from the government. It should be noted that about a quarter of the fisheries are cooperatively owned and only one percent are state-owned. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9a62cebf65ef014a42af2452ac654ceda64c77000bb4236066e5ce756fd8d4d4/EKW-Gallery05_01_practice.jpg Fig. 23. The path of Kolkata’s wastewater from Kolkata City to and through the East Kolkata Wetlands https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/09681756a33bf1cbd2d649d7a04c0dd4a21a51967143f802270e6da64da3792e/EKW-Gallery05_02_practice.jpg Fig. 24. Kolkata’s wastewater canals and dams, first constructed by the British in the eighteenth century, carry sewage to the East Kolkata Wetlands system (Gangopadhyay, 2020). Fear of the city flooding has led to controversial dredging of the channels that convey water to the Wetlands, which has reduced crucial flow of effluent to the ponds, forcing those managing the ponds to introduce organic waste, including animal dung, to maintain nutrient levels for fish survival and keep their operations profitable. (Khandelwal, 2018) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0721669eab3f345b0367960579549bad7e43b7e04860fffecb0c051cf05acc0b/EKW-Gallery05_03_practice.jpg Fig. 25. Anaerobic digestion, a process in which bacteria break down wastewater in an oxygen-less environment, is used in nearly all forms of sewage treatment, including the more common mechanical systems in which wastewater typically enters a sealed container that is deprived of oxygen. These anaerobic conditions are created in the Wetlands by building deeper ponds and reducing water flow and aeration, allowing for a low-oxygen environment near the bottom of the pond where there is less solar penetration. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/45689a739c01565fe745d7c711d4841cd947999a241299b8b0996659f76c1e81/EKW-Gallery05_04_practice.jpg Fig. 26. Macrophytic filtering plants such as eichhornia, phragmites, pistia, and lemna are used to filter out heavy metals, suspended solids, oil, and grease, while also absorbing excess nitrogen and phosphorus. These plantings are used both at the perimeter banks of the ponds and in floating systems depending upon the scale and needs of the pond. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/aefb24959c6335f607a11053e1db26b1ea083b6c3e97b8f5e8451d7332f12f0b/EKW-Gallery05_05_practice.jpg Fig. 27. Bheri workers separate large solid waste from the ponds to be used as fertilizer, and manually aerate the ponds by stirring them with sticks, while netting mature fish to be brought to market. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ed7320340323bbd5801e4054bdcc5f6f294e5a8d072f20c6356377cfd73c309e/EKW-Gallery05_06_practice.jpg Fig. 28. The most popular species of fish used in filtration ponds include various species of carp (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cyprinus carpio, O. mossambicus) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)(Jana, 1998). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f60748124492f9ff53ad76446c36fcc3a2f9f3883a48ffefcd30b19974baae34/EKW-Gallery05_07_practice.jpg Fig. 29. Once the fish have matured to a salable size they are brought to market in Kolkata City. The resulting treated water then leaves the system either by being pumped into neighboring agriculture fields and rice paddies or re-entering the watershed. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/21abdf57cd268ca7e92365323bc58899c82eed199f6aaf2ad36f50c135356cf8/22-23.jpg Fig. 1. New residential development emerging at the edge of the Wetlands. (Abhijit Kar Gupta, https://www.flickr.com/photos/kgabhi/39486222174/in/photostream/) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8f59ea3d808bb922a2e9fdf6bbf19b41deb5034e4273e7526150eca62be0063a/22-232.jpg Fig. 2. Rapid urbanization linked to population growth has significantly reduced permeable groundcover in the city, resulting in the depletion of groundwater levels and an influx in rates of subsidence (est. 13.53 mm/year) (Sahu, et al., 2011). By providing neighboring agricultural operations with remediated sewage water, the East Kolkata Wetlands reduce demands on the city’s groundwater supply and thus aid in quelling subsidence in the region. (Image: Video Still from “East Kolkata Wetlands: Ecologist's Perspective” Sanjeey Chartterjee https://vimeo.com/34232936) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/982b425eb7e1ad9f9c21059b83504dbab5aa06dffdb0f0b358fa607819d92297/mangrove_inland-flooding_pop-density_vibrancy.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/04455146fd46fb6237c940c3bc261b3a80d2881fb85ec1af8d83069e06af3be7/20201009_EKWMap_scale2_urban-01.jpg Fig. 3. Both formal and informal settlement of the growing metropolitan region has exacerbated flooding risk and the potential erasure of existing wetlands. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/66b624cc56df70b1f0c2e7e35e12b2d48e95d9888ddcce8120c2b41af44cb05f/EKW_Gallery01_04_RegionalMap-01-01.jpg Fig. 4. Kolkata’s position as one of the world’s top ten densest cities makes it a showcase city for climate mitigation projects, but all of southern West Bengal and neighboring Bangladesh are in danger of sea level rise. Already the salinization of agricultural fields in India’s Sundarban region has caused many there to lose property and migrate away from the coast (Sengupta, 2018). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/34cf05f135ea892d28e134c74ba58b47b7156715e60b87e998d9b4f2f2edd8a5/20201009_EKWMap_scale2_urban_2-01.jpg Fig. 9. Administrative borders, canals, and water bodies of Kolkata and its immediate metropolitan region. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/016b5b5a64efe9b58517a5a4580e82d4c9f0d99573c918f2dd974b63feac9fec/20201009_EKWMap_scale2_urban_zoom-01.jpg Fig. 11. The East Kolkata Wetlands sit at the edge of a growing city. Limited and difficult-to-enforce regulations around development with scattered ownership and management have led to encroaching boundaries. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2d617b415bda434aa20de67c202a0ad1f6a2fa19dc6092d12562589506bba9ca/20201009_EKWMap_scale2_urban_growth-01.jpg Fig. 10. Urbanization of the region can be seen in satellite images showing dramatic change in land cover. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9e5bf97a95c9a3fd0bbb4a10b1c5390f9c4bef03d0f7cffa7d29f69262a82985/Untitled-1.jpg Fig. 5. West Bengal’s topography ranges dramatically, from the Himalayan foothills of the city of Darjeeling (elevation 2,042 m) to the low-lying metropolis of Kolkata along the Hooghli river (elevation 9.14 m). The region’s watershed is comprised of wetlands and streams along the Ganga River’s various tributaries and branches, such as the Hooghli River, and creates distinct biomes for flora and fauna throughout. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d8200d7d32654e023fb7f6dca9b104e8de0d04310c3178868aa99839d6be1b18/Untitled-12.jpg Fig. 6. West Bengal’s topography ranges dramatically, from the Himalayan foothills of the city of Darjeeling (elevation 2,042 m) to the low-lying metropolis of Kolkata along the Hooghli river (elevation 9.14 m). The region’s watershed is comprised of wetlands and streams along the Ganga River’s various tributaries and branches, such as the Hooghli River, and creates distinct biomes for flora and fauna throughout. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/737a1f92ebf6f33220ff4255ac7694230ea813308d9a97868bd7847e95045eda/Untitled-13.jpg Fig. 7. West Bengal’s topography ranges dramatically, from the Himalayan foothills of the city of Darjeeling (elevation 2,042 m) to the low-lying metropolis of Kolkata along the Hooghli river (elevation 9.14 m). The region’s watershed is comprised of wetlands and streams along the Ganga River’s various tributaries and branches, such as the Hooghli River, and creates distinct biomes for flora and fauna throughout. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e7eb01712efdb2d0793d9b534090ee32412236e40c08d0f2f834f6a5165ceb24/Untitled-14.jpg Fig. 8. Kolkata’s recent rain and temperature statistics reflect West Bengal’s region-wide decline in precipitation and increase in air temperature. High temperatures are due in part to the city’s heat island effect, an increase in urban temperatures caused by the absorption of heat by concrete and asphalt, limited evapotranspiration due to limited vegetation, and accumulation of waste heat from domestic and commercial mechanical operations (Dhara, 2019). Although current river flows are in decline, rising temperatures are expected to hasten the melting of Himalayan glaciers which, in turn, will add to the volume of water flowing into the Ganga river and into the Hooghli river on which Kolkata sits. (Climate data: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Climate Data Online) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e0449207c725edabc8cf7a15eb1719575d9f08364ef8561c77cb3734c68124cf/EKW-CONFLICTING-BOUNDARIES-TIMELINE_2-01.jpg Fig. 31. Kolkata was a center of the Indian nationalist movement against British occupation. The movement’s cultural expression focused on traditional arts and practices, including the fish rearing practices used in the contemporary East Kolkata Wetlands. The 1947 Partition of India post-independence from British rule divided Bengal and displaced millions of people along religious lines. The Hindu-majority regions became the Indian state of West Bengal and the Muslim-majority regions became East Pakistan, later Bengladesh. (Bunting, 2010) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/84caab5ceb841076b04da79884b3de19d7ae7765f15ba1fdd9b645f277df7403/EKW-CONFLICTING-BOUNDARIES-TIMELINE_3-01.jpg Fig. 32. Urban densification intensified in Kolkata throughout the twentieth century. Without a clear land-use policy for the wetlands, the Kolkata Municipal Corporation favored filling the wetlands to support needed infrastructure and stimulate economic growth. (Bassi, 2014) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ef4d1c1ed1c6cf910a31507a2c544e63261b1dcaeaae1e4508e369652184f6e3/EKW-CONFLICTING-BOUNDARIES-TIMELINE_4-01.jpg Fig. 33. Local resistance led by lifetime activist Dhrubajyoti Ghosh was strengthened by the ruling in the 1992 court case People United for Better Living in Calcutta v. The State of Bengal, which asserted that no further conversion or development activity could take place at or on the periphery of the Wetlands. (People United, 1992) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ff1399c99810222e1bd40b082508400f4cd9fa38a57338742fc02f34c8e8d831/EKW-CONFLICTING-BOUNDARIES-TIMELINE_5-01.jpg Fig. 34. The East Kolkata Wetlands Act in 2006 established the East Kolkata Management Authority, which became the first regional body tasked with overseeing the 254 sewage-fed fisheries throughout the districts of South and North 24 Parganas at the southeastern edge of the city. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9201f48ded4f8b8dcbe4ee5b1a7b4f9f81f8dbb335ac4677051cd25bc2e82cda/EKW-CONFLICTING-BOUNDARIES-TIMELINE_1_rev-01.jpg Fig. 30. The fortification of the Hooghli River under British occupation set a legal precedent for building on wetlands in the region; urban settlement became linked to the displacement of water. (Bhattacharyya, 2018) https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Inform-Risk 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d77e1752b02131e8638bd3cf96d1836202a1a185b60bd931fee1ada52f12752d/Medellin-1-200k-01.jpg Figure 2. The Aburrá Valley Watershed: Medellín sits along the Medellin River, at the base of the Andean foothills. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/23788ac8fa7730ca085028246cd002fbd18b26536c846230b6f0550e251ad2d1/20200923_soil-section_original-02.jpg Figure 13. Informal settlements have grown along and up the steep dunite slopes of the Aburra Valley. This same dramatic topography traps storms, leading to a greater risk of inundation which, combined with the steep slopes and development, put these settlements at great risk (Claghorn and Werthmann, 2015) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/01362b7b390d339ab9753c6891c4928ece11554f5c12919ce6bd980fad75beed/20200915_iNFORM-TMELINE-01.jpg Figure 15. Inform@Risk began shortly after the La Gabriela landslide in 2010. Although the disaster was tragic, it was not altogether unanticipated; in the last 80 years at least 854 people have died in landslides in the Aburra valley, and the frequency of landslides is increasing. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4bef846cac418b34d9453ee965164160c9e6113371d20b2c0e91b760e67e1219/20200922_iNFORM-TMELINE__allphases-01.jpg Figure 16. The Inform@Risk team devised a regional plan of action which unfolded in four phases: (1) research on potential sites, (2) community meetings at identified sites, (3) development and implementation of pilot projects, and (4) a regional plan based on these pilots. Although Inform@Risk had initially hoped to complete Phase Three (pilot projects) and Four (present regional plan) by 2017, the team is, as of October 2020, still working primarily on its first pilot project to develop an early warning system and improved evacuation routes in Bello Orient. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/03333128cb8ffbd7d59efe6a269af4104a02558746543194148be4b91aaef418/74.jpg Figure 22.1. Inform @ Risk teams engage the community through education workshops on the risks of landslides and by involving residents in the design and implementation of the pilot projects. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/dff2b4d453746f9058423f83754c2b5d757f7dc42a6104c79f6d27d029a2f0cd/cdc.JPG Figure 23. The team created process drawings for each of their proposed pilots to highlight the various strategies to be used over time and identify the local partners responsible for implementation. The diagram shown here outlines Pilot Project Two, which proposes improved drainage and stormwater management. Notably the process acknowledges that while the design and engineering teams are active and critical in the early phases of the project, the ultimate responsibility for its long-term success rests with the community. (Claghorn, et al., 2015) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ab25062f7e6fb30b0008ced1832ed68cfabeff39aa27afa2da0a53996c47c0fc/20201023_climatedrawing_Fig10-01.jpg Figure 10. Locations of the most “devastating” landslides in Colombia’s Aburra Valley from 1920 to 2010. (Echeverri, et al., 2012) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b06041449d8a1021b397a56667901fd4334bb545be0242bdb0944632f29a6cb8/20201023_Fig11-01-02.jpg Figure 11. Two of the deadliest landslides in the history of the valley were the Media Luna (1954) and the Villatina (1987) landslides, less than ten kilometers east of the city center. (Echeverri, et al., 2012) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b46f904baad551e25da8e1f644b56d8a8ee79f8a9b134ff8d882ea6368ba1fa5/20201023_Fig12-01.jpg Figure 12. A photograph of the aftermath of the Villatina landslide reveals the striation in unstable soils and dunite bedrock, which were separated after the ground was inundated due to a clogged drainage system and a series of heavy rains. Although the area was not large, the slope’s heavy occupation made this the deadliest landslide in memory. (Echeverri, et al., 2012) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/95f3cf09c80fcadca0e5e60966aacd2ad2243f8ea382a87fb759c9824d897ac5/Fig01_20201027_soil_drought_slope-01.jpg Figure 1. Mapping Landslide Vulnerability: Global soil conditions, population densities, and precipitation levels. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/77c751fad2d1429d8050acb5ecd14360b103096cdfc16656166f31ad538f4a3f/Fig03_20201020_Medellin_1-40k_fig3-01.jpg Figure 3. Medellín is a city of neighborhoods, and its growth has long responded to its terrain, including its topography and the course of its prominent waterways. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1a72624429d5fa6a05caba4d90789f6921428c47d98ed182bed3d325db514477/Fig08.jpg Figure 8.1. Medellín has gradually grown wider and higher; towards and up the slopes of the Andean foothills. (Echeverri, et al., 2012) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/08590ccbe68c93cef71707f0712aa497e27f57a01ca4fe35f0fee8ad1fb87c05/Fig09_20201020_Medellin_1-40k_studyarea-section-01.jpg Figure 8.2. Medellín has gradually grown wider and higher; towards and up the slopes of the Andean foothills. (Echeverri, et al., 2012) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d7cbb251ca9ba920d2ffb4bdad7e5e6ca704d157ecb53a0d207b5cd5c9e76394/Fig10_20201023_climatedrawing.jpg Figure 9. More rain means more landslides and more damage caused by landslides in the settled hillside regions of Medellín. (Echeverri, et al., 2012) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a6fe5a523a7fd1fc398f2c54e7530d9325a53925442b562182c49dfb6ad1aeb7/Fig18_20200922_iNFORM-TMELINE_fig18-01.jpg Figure 18. One of the key objectives in this first phase was identifying the areas most prone to landslides. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/36c35e0d05fad953fb79d2fe619c1d70e20ea1c05b60628bf92d3fba124ce9be/Fig17_20200922_iNFORM-TMELINE_fig17-01.jpg Figure 17. Phase One of the Inform@Risk initiative was focused on mapping risk; this included studying the historical growth of the city, trends and locations of informal settlements, precipitation metrics, and slope and soil conditions. Findings were collected in a report produced by URBAM (El Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Ambientales) at the Universidad EAFIT and the Social Agency Lab at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6fe113557894de80c9c2373f8d75597e36a7ca4c48095b50ae58837c14b311f5/Fig19_20200922_iNFORM-TMELINE_fig19-01.jpg Figure 19. Phase Two used the findings from Phase One to zoom in to two potential sites of intervention based on their heightened level of risk: the neighborhoods of La Honda and La Cruz. This work included speaking with residents of these selected neighborhoods to understand how they came to live there and what they might hope to change as well as ownership, territorial, and social dynamics. These meetings also allowed residents to weigh in on case studies and potential solutions and hear from engineers and other experts about models of mitigation. (Claghorn, et al., 2015). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c2bb2fe376126d5e28540840520cc6e499108fb5901d917beea0e5380afaa9fc/Fig19B_20200922_iNFORM-TMELINE_fig19_b-01.jpg Figure 20.1. After conducting meetings and workshops with residents in specific hillside communities, the Inform@Risk team proposed five pilot projects for the La Honda and La Cruz communities to be implemented in Phase Three. Inform@Risk published their project proposals in the Brazilian Journal of Urban Management in 2015. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e5f4966d04244eac259c429a8f087e8a27e5eae17825e2aae1643263db51d5bb/Fig20_20200922_iNFORM-TMELINE_fig20-01.jpg Figure 20.2. After conducting meetings and workshops with residents in specific hillside communities, the Inform@Risk team proposed five pilot projects for the La Honda and La Cruz communities to be implemented in Phase Three. Inform@Risk published their project proposals in the Brazilian Journal of Urban Management in 2015. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cab9aac74476d4f1b4e30d0633c2cc88a2721a2005791ea605c00cede94022ec/Fig21_20200922_iNFORM-TMELINE_fig21-01.jpg Figure 21. The ultimate goal of the Inform @ Risk initiative is to create a proposal for regional intervention, using the information learned from the pilot projects to inform approaches both for the city at large and the wider Aburrá Valley. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/944a6267a9ec3b9285c624bb610ae2e96e0d059b71c44caca18b1ae100b91ece/Fig22_20200922_iNFORM-TMELINE_.jpg Figure 22. Inform @ Risk teams engage the community through education workshops on the risks of landslides and by involving residents in the design and implementation of the pilot projects. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/aa35b887f9f8b22896c39352b2278049a7fd2826d549ef71faac6012429da0d1/20201028_soil-section_avh-02-02-02.jpg Figure 14. The bedrock in Medellín is primarily dunite, or serpentinite, a type of peridotite igneous rock that is susceptible to splitting once inundated. (Echeverri, et al., 2012) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/632d21c6600998b9270be3152c2d49b8a4e3e3bf70f4f312adf7a118f3381a49/20201029_pilotprojectmatrix_avh-01.jpg Figure 24. Pilot projects: The team identified areas within the informal settlements for the implementation of their strategies based upon existing ground conditions (e.g., slope, soil quality, occupation) and predictions of future settlement. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1145d7ca5dc1450571779ec3126370c5bf312931f01414ce16a2f4214e365287/20201029_pilotprojectmatrix_avh-02.jpg Figure 25. Pilot 1– Monitoring risk and developing an evacuation infrastructure: This project includes the development of an early warning system that monitors potential landslide conditions and alerts residents if a greater risk of land movement exists. It also creates clear and safe evacuation routes with new public spaces for everyday use and identifies sites of temporary shelter for those forced to evacuate. (Claghorn and Werthmann, 2015) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bc03a7db695367ddf168db90efa108253246238ea76d547bff4a59f613852173/20201029_pilotprojectmatrix_avh-03.jpg Figure 26. Pilot 2 – Mitigating risk through improved drainage: This project builds new water management infrastructure, including plant and soil-based streambed stabilization and improved stormwater management channels. It also places emphasis on waste management, identifying residents as key actors in ensuring that drainage infrastructure is not clogged by refuse and can safely flow out of high-risk areas. (Claghorn and Werthmann, 2015) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e6990ee253eaf1e62d98eab1220c476493673ff2b6c1883a6f1e01ad72801145/20201029_pilotprojectmatrix_avh-04.jpg Figure 27. Pilot 3 – Productive plots, micro-farming on steep slopes: This project is designed to keep potentially developable, at-risk land profitable while preventing further slope-destabilizing construction. Borrowing from regional precedents, micro-agricultural strategies are developed for the steep terrain and low-nutrient soil. These require sustained interest by owners and managers, most likely a farming collective, to ensure that the land remains unbuilt. (Claghorn and Werthmann, 2015) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/83b22c224a450aa61890b9f0b4bccd3fd54b15de82d5d411d4967501e0fa8f2e/20201029_pilotprojectmatrix_avh-05.jpg Figure 28. Pilot 4 – (Re)establishing protective forests: This project builds upon existing interest and energy toward reforesting those slopes that are presently and likely to remain undeveloped. The proposal calls for landscape architects and ecologists to help select appropriate species and create a management plan using bioengineering techniques to support their early establishment. These newly vegetated areas can also serve as recreation destinations. (Claghorn and Werthmann, 2015) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f7b1898232be2855a79b4d9a6f2e6db2299415bb4ed8b18635436c17c5b36f14/20201029_pilotprojectmatrix_avh-06.jpg Figure 29. Pilot 5 – Addressing future growth, the ‘sites and services’ approach: This final proposal acknowledges that efforts should be made to relocate those communities at highest risk and to ensure that future settlement occurs on safe sites. Recognizing that the key issue among these settlements is not housing, it recommends diverting money that might typically be used by the government to build housing towards creating an infrastructure and service network that can adequately support the existing forms of informal settlement. (Claghorn and Werthmann, 2015) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/eb18713b1832f2ac29bcf31912dfb0fd405da0857b2ab52be6dbcea179625da2/Fig6_20201020_Medellin_1-40k-01.jpg Figure 6. Current urban settlement pattern showing public spaces and residential neighborhoods, but not informal settlements in the Medellín hillsides. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/82f3cc87dbd0a9e3b3ffb5212f723abab83fd2ad0c83957dda3951ab2fb12618/Fig7_20201020_Medellin_1-40k-01.jpg Figure 7. Landslides are a looming threat in the city, particularly for those that live in the hillsides that ring the city’s periphery. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9c8c60c67094e6fc0536758a70cb8ffd43aba4b6f0b5de20e56afc2f6105d89e/Fig5_20201020_Medellin_1-40k-01.jpg Figure 5. Many of Medellín’s residents started to establish informal settlements in these areas deemed “undevelopable.” Viewing these settlements as a source of social and political instability, the government would periodically make efforts to incorporate them into the city’s official boundaries, at times by clearing and rebuilding and at others by legalizing tenure and introducing government services (Betancur, 2007). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/09467e8607273a9a96d32d5445daf582ed6aec39ae1de909d4758715cc2d363a/Fig4_20201020_Medellin_1-40k-01.jpg Figure 4. In 1948, the architects Josep Lluis Sert and Paul Wiener and their New York-based office Town Planning Associates created a masterplan for the city that deemed certain areas “undevelopable” due to the danger posed by their geology and steep topography. The design was one of the first of its kind in Colombia, which had passed a law in 1947 requiring such planning efforts for cities that had the capital to do so. It was one of four plans created by Sert and Wiener, who also created plans for Tumaco, Cali, and Bogota, the latter with Le Corbusier. (Schnitter Castellanos, 2004) https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Post-Sandy-New-York 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7020d2acab68bd136c99e964a4a132496a1791efa17468c86cb4c3006623dcbb/PostSandy_Gallery1_01_Tracking-Superstorm-Sandy-from-Oct.-26-to-Oct.-31-2012.Cohen-2013_gray.jpg Tracking Superstorm Sandy from Oct. 26 to Oct. 31, 2012. (Cohen, 2013) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/32ec9908128cd5c3599d76829f5390cf96555592415875ec10d3af74c704a8ce/PostSandy_Gallery1_02_SandyTimeline.jpg Hurricane Sandy exacerbated preexisting inequalities along the coastline. Increased flood insurance enabled a false sense of security for homeowners and left communities vulnerable. IMAGES: Putnam, William. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and NASA Center for Climate Simulation. 2013. https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11269. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/da03bea59a1ff9579f422630624121679500b09ec5685efb79915bf39e2c4487/PostSandy_Gallery1_06_RegionalClimate.jpg Visualizing track data from the NOAA National Hurricane Center. SOURCE: NOAA, Office for Coastal Management. Historic Hurricane Tracks. Historical Hurricane Tracks, April 27, 2020. https://coast.noaa.gov/hurricanes/. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/59ff32423517e6f914cda56370033d58c85a424fa98f7b256728bd71c8a2beac/Found-Images.jpg Left to right, Drawings produced for the Rebuild by Design Competition marketing the overall scheme of the Blue Dunes and BIG U projects. NYC Department of City Planning map of buyout zones along Staten Island’s Eastern shore. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a4a16d50e0aebf7acd3682a0f4dc39bcabecf29e9cd7465b0207bdc550797a4a/55-61.jpg Taylor, Alan. "Hurricane Sandy: Staten Island Survivors." The Atlantic, November 21, 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/11/hurricane-sandy-staten-island-survivors/100410/. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5e06584f08ebeccdfbfc89b9d7f5d7dc2260d6074f0313a08e0c6d90bab07a27/55-612.jpg Taylor, Alan. "Hurricane Sandy: Staten Island Survivors." The Atlantic, November 21, 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/11/hurricane-sandy-staten-island-survivors/100410/. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e8b63ff447234d29039facd0c6bb09e213990a627de2218cd39ab190961c233b/55-613.jpg Taylor, Alan. "Hurricane Sandy: Staten Island Survivors." The Atlantic, November 21, 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/11/hurricane-sandy-staten-island-survivors/100410/. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/04ee1861310d964553484079fa695abd29e381c39f020d100c981bc585871998/55-614.jpg Home Demolitions Kensinger, Nathan. “Residents Retreat From Staten Island's Hard-Hit Waterfront.” Curbed NY, October 29, 2014.https://ny.curbed.com/2014/10/29/10029950/residents-retreat-from-staten-islands-hard-hit-waterfront https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/18ec849378892e0afafdce955b122bc7b7c59f4cf1dd1bd6bc2e0c7d8b7def77/55-615.jpg Aftermath of Demolition. Rush, Elizabeth. “Leaving the Sea: Staten Islanders Experiment with Managed Retreat.” Urban Omnibus, October 14, 2017. https://urbanomnibus.net/2015/02/leaving-the-sea-staten-islanders-experiment-with-managed-retreat/. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c6c651918f6413f4cb8fdf5e5df95918996787f9dbea069888cea031a0b0ed4a/55-616.jpg Re-seeding efforts on abandoned land. Kensinger, Nathan. “Four Years after Sandy, Staten Island's Shoreline Is Transformed.” Curbed NY. Curbed NY, October 27, 2016. https://ny.curbed.com/2016/10/27/13431288/hurricane-sandy-staten-island-wetlands-climate-change. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e7a294732c5c0ff948034d4f3f75e116fbd0cec82b77b055af24226d61eac30c/55-617.jpg Other forms of wildlife have also thrived in the now isolated conditions. Kensinger, Nathan. “Four Years after Sandy, Staten Island's Shoreline Is Transformed.” Curbed NY. Curbed NY, October 27, 2016. https://ny.curbed.com/2016/10/27/13431288/hurricane-sandy-staten-island-wetlands-climate-change. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d4adafb570c7a7831d1b999bf88618f2004b48cff857a50fb7379fb9b5a88e51/62.jpg Taylor, Alan. "Hurricane Sandy: Staten Island Survivors." The Atlantic, November 21, 2012. https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/11/hurricane-sandy-staten-island-survivors/100410/. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9beb705cdc9b9a82f9c2fac79bd59bba5f4a0b9b20b56325042c34e82423f53f/63-67.jpg Caption: Curtis White, pictured above, worked to collect 2,000+ NYCHA tenant signatures in opposition to the “new preferred alternative” plan to the park. (East River Park Action). FDR flooding in the wake of the Hurricane (wikimedia commons). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/04b5ade0141ffbc1500dcfc3b3e17aabc450b18a0a9631d2c05b5ca8d6f3134c/63-672.jpg Caption: Curtis White, pictured above, worked to collect 2,000+ NYCHA tenant signatures in opposition to the “new preferred alternative” plan to the park. (East River Park Action). FDR flooding in the wake of the Hurricane (wikimedia commons). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0e7aed77bd0098218b5c6dc6f47992c7bf119f2ad8f6e6d20957088e425eb119/63-673.jpg Caption: Curtis White, pictured above, worked to collect 2,000+ NYCHA tenant signatures in opposition to the “new preferred alternative” plan to the park. (East River Park Action). FDR flooding in the wake of the Hurricane (wikimedia commons). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/94405397a01dd277e95cdc90b9665865c83110d11bf3a756c53d197b01733403/63-674.jpg Caption: Curtis White, pictured above, worked to collect 2,000+ NYCHA tenant signatures in opposition to the “new preferred alternative” plan to the park. (East River Park Action). FDR flooding in the wake of the Hurricane (wikimedia commons). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ae450440dec571a101fcd4d74cf737495285eb1c8b8ecd9e2bdb5a7ab883fa0d/63-675.jpg Caption: Curtis White, pictured above, worked to collect 2,000+ NYCHA tenant signatures in opposition to the “new preferred alternative” plan to the park. (East River Park Action). FDR flooding in the wake of the Hurricane (wikimedia commons). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6950858340192bfd2b69eaecaa905477a74b1d9bf4d7f0d60c3ceabf19d09047/Found-Images.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/10d384f972ab9412b3e10eb5a9ac5ad78556d5c4390c92351b91b7bb9131a384/Found-Images2.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b10547299b49c50102a08361f6e8b57f3482586d7cd835b425f849cd401df09e/Found-Images3.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d806b9b94bbc5249c15eb0e50bf2b799109e46150ae0e6f16e629d8ed4ac09a5/20200724_Timeline_BlueDunes-04.jpg The Blue Dunes proposal spans a dramatically large construction time frame than the BIG U, but also protects a much larger geographic region within the NY Harbor. The long duration of this project may have contributed to the fact that it did not with the competition, which favored a shorter term cycle driven by funding and political cycles. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b9036d787e7777d502844d98710ebbb5ae1bfe0f7b798899b0fcb1a98030d0f2/20200724_Timeline_StatenIslandBuyouts-04.jpg Staten Island Property Buyouts: The home buyouts on Staten Island in the wake of sandy revealed just how challenging, messy and politically unpopular managed retreat process actually is. Communities were assessed not by their long term risk but by the short term political cycle which favored preserving a tax base and presenting the city as “resilient” rather than abandoned. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cbe1dd1512a3e1314a00782bf26955c2c448df32fe9a26b4af29109d658bec89/20200724_Timeline_TheBigU-04.jpg BIG U Phase 1 - East Side Coastal Resiliency: After four years of community meetings and iterative design, this proposal was scrapped by the city for an alternative design that cost an additional billion dollars from the city and would require the park too close to residents for the duration of construction. Under pressure to meet HUD’s 2022 funding deadline, the city expedited the review process, duplicitously including the years of community feedback on the other plan as a part of this overhauled proposal. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4ff8063719de154bf6aeb3bd2f312607beca3d0eaf573f8a9c312773936d1b73/Hurricane-Sandy_1-03.jpg The storm formed over the Caribbean Sea and devastated Puerto Rico, The Dominican Republic, Haiti, and the Cayman Islands before reaching its initial peak as a Category 3 hurricane over Cuba. IMAGE: Putnam, William. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and NASA Center for Climate Simulation. 2013. https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11269. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5763c8a14b376079c70260cfc40180aa844e91b7834ea3fced875154d73d99fe/Hurricane-Sandy_2-03.jpg Sandy progressed northward along U.S. East Coast. The storm inundated the coastline though it remained several hundred miles offshore. IMAGE: Putnam, William. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and NASA Center for Climate Simulation. 2013. https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11269. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d205b0aa8de824bd93253bf2818bda59f308829c719addbfb06c2f902b63a1d2/Hurricane-Sandy_3-03-03.jpg Compounded by an eastward cold front and high tides of a full moon Sandy took a sharp turn inland before dissipating over Pennsylvania. IMAGE: Putnam, William. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and NASA Center for Climate Simulation. 2013. https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11269. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0b37fd22c6f34511ce4663cd2dbc8817a1b7bdfdf01c518ac60014fddabdccef/Risk-and-Value_1-01-01.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/578ef48f7266ae72b037388adf87021d2688c75186af1ebb14a9dee62cf37d38/Risk-and-Value_2-01-01.jpg FEMA flood maps pre-sandy were based on modeling technology from the 1980’s which misrepresented the risk of inundation along to coast. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/735b722669ea1be76fed94dadf289b0fc6a68e2363ce3baf28b1879c43a9a974/Risk-and-Value_3-01.jpg When the maps were updated post-sandy, in 2013, over 35 thousand properties were added to the high risk zone. SOURCE: Shaw, Al, Christie Thompson , and Theodoric Meyer. “Federal Flood Maps Left New York Unprepared for Sandy - and FEMA Knew It.” ProPublica, December 6, 2013. https://www.propublica.org/article/federal-flood-maps-left-new-york-unprepared-for-sandy-and-fema-knew-it. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b07b2070ae3193306bc4aa73a860b590e89f7b8613c11ca868875c597556532f/Risk-and-Value_4-01.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/23b0cfd37ded40109f6156621724b220a2392cafbbd89e12381cf29639bd1c48/Risk-and-Value_5-01.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fae9b081b51cdf14096b73a697f8e72e8f55e37f2bdd786033e5d393a9096b8f/Selected-Cases_1-01.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/59540afdc2e6678f4b648ff41dd47d954362f3ce91e03f9018dd1a7b92576ff4/Selected-Cases_2.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3525b568127dfdfc4a7519484aa53d4f2bae5255a68cb75de287addbd2ec9f86/Selected-Cases_22.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/45af3da2379277cc5637e6a18c22ad4005a400609dec800835a43e4475cba38f/Crisis-in-Context_1-01-01.jpg Trending Climatic and Social Vulnerability: Hurricane Sandy was not discrete storm event that temporarily disrupted the status quo in the New York metro area, but rather a part of an ongoing set of social, economic and climatic conditions that began long before the storm, and continue to persist afterward. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f6015369c346ecd5349a70d9c4fda1213e2ae463986597876ee5aa6497b5df49/Crisis-in-Context_2-01-01.jpg Miscalculated risks; Many New Yorkers were victim to a miscalculation of their own risk, residents in need of public housing assistance were placed on flood prone coastal land built by NYCHA in the 1940’s, and many residents were left uninsured due to inaccurate flood insurance maps from FEMA. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9452f5c0cb07a1b7490167c31f18d8b7bf6f2a183f85e17994fd55a2e7ac0f70/Crisis-in-Context_3-01.jpg The Manhattan Pump station and the Con-ed substation are both along the initial phase of the BIG U on the east river. While the city reasoned that this funding was allocated due to the concentration of public housing in this area, we cannot ignore that incentives to protect this vital infrastructure were a key part of this allocation of resources. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/28ab0b95768753323495e0cfd5e7f99fb7127b72b8b09ecbd7a25a90076bb8c9/Crisis-in-Context_4-01.jpg Hurricane Sandy set a new precedent for how federal assistance functions in cities after a Presidential disaster declaration. President Obama launched a competition to solicit proposals, which in many ways left large, international design firms tasked with measuring which areas, communities, and needs were more pressing. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5f1d9f8a6932c03f66e1f6b5dd65478946f0adf8dd48b90c261dc9e3580031a2/55.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9d42610f4e6281d737ff81855de4b34fa13a5d785cb3e5f6c8610da4bed81cf7/5-14.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a65801909e6d8c5f0c30f4444f9af65b7c31ee269d2b1671eb17b236ec18d6dd/5-142.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/31805ba8c0d91d37f88b0409d862086da6f35efcb9ff8022ea92a143fe23952c/5-143.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4f76c7fd948c4d63198a812c396b4b020a895e143ea7831230dcc1d4b36b84ae/5-144.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/31903f83baf2db253f1bd2be1bb547a29e8fad6e177ffd7971bd32fb25ff7e2c/5-145.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c839caa7b416dc57bef2424071221a9ddb3187ffb0a763a565df45eea9086a9c/5-146.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d777223760b34e50585dfb637fcc77b8ea707abb30386fa62508ea8b6c81024b/5-147.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ff2273f186c8761a7777c0763b27f914404048ca20336c2192533efe57efef4b/5-148.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/aa766cb4320871f95015728b5f1dea227b099105d6107858b86db658da732875/5-149.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d00b0eebaf23eb85a146947e60457065a468aa508f63fd191c2c8e32ab5c212e/5-1410.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/612fc347a34e91e8b9861f28e4b165d6f7693d2a35c708bbe7c061f1bcf12241/coast_hurricane_flood_gdp-01_RESIZED_ps.png https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/054e8fed709ada437981441c72172b97dfb8a3e97bc81b0da6ad71428dc61569/Selected-Cases_1-01.jpg https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/The-Great-Green-Wall 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a9b142552998ddbe6ece19fb6ff65a17db3e56da11d016ccdc56e895388895c8/GGW_Gallery1_.jpg Fig. 1. Image: FAO, The Great Green Wall supports local communities in the sustainable management of drylands. 2015. Color Photograph. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. From: FAO, http://www.fao.org/resources/photos/building-the-african-wall-piece-by-piece/en/ (accessed July 16, 2020) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2964fc29a3085a562093f8573770e6add9431513ff946cc576db41bf234612d5/GGW_Gallery1_2.jpg Fig. 2. Image: Gray Tappan USGS, Quantifying Tree Cover Trends at Galma, Niger. 2010. Digital Image. Center for International Forestry Research. From: CIFR, https://www.cifor.org/knowledge/slide/7093/ (accessed July 16, 2020) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a318a369ef209768c8fa2689ff0f800b4ef5d5098f08b34823a13d81545e3e3c/GGW_Gallery2_07_5.jpg Fig. 12. Contemporary Tuareg musicians Les Filles de Illilghadad, founded by Fatou Seidi in Illighadad, a village in Niger. They are one of many Tuareg musical groups who have raised awareness about the conflicts facing their communities. The Tuareg reside in multiple countries but don’t have a majority anywhere. Image: López, Álvaro. Les Filles de Illighadad (from left): Fatou Seidi Ghali, Fatimata Ahmadelher, Alamnou Akrouni and Abdoulaye Madassane. The Guardian. 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/aug/01/fatou-seidi-ghali-the-worlds-first-female-tuareg-guitarist. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c70126bb8612e4d549a627c85449f0b7fa39633c49e58476300f47f06b4ca4bb/GGW_Gallery2_07_4.jpg Fig. 11. 1970’s portrait by Burkinabe photographer Sanlé Sory. Sory lives and works in Bobo-Dioulasso and started photographing his community in 1960 - the year his country became independent. Image: Sory, Sanlé. Les noceurs de Banzon (Banzon’s swingers). 1972. Silver Gelatin Print. Copyright Sanlé Sory. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/49c1bafb30841adfc72f3745a1b8b25ef80f8c2f0409cbe5df09ba709941b109/GGW_Gallery2_07_3.jpg Fig. 10. 1960’s portrait by Malian photographer Malick Sidibe, known for his photographs of popular culture in 1960’s Mali. Image: Sidibe, Malick.The whole family on a motorcycle. 1962, Gelatin Silver Print. 50 x 60cm. Courtesy of Fifty one Fine Art Photography. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7484669255db046b0b12a1b20944387dd45ccab24dda40c6c773e7ad475b5402/GGW_Gallery2_07_.jpg Fig. 8. Famine and migration followed the droughts of the 1910s, 1940s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s with partial recovery from 1975-80. Increases in greenhouse gases around the world in the 1980s ended the Sahel drought period. The most recent drought occured in 2012. Image: FAO/Giulio Napolitano. Over the next decade, 50 million people may be displaced – the result of climate change and the depletion of natural resources. 2016. Color Photograph. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. From: FAO, http://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/news-and-multimedia/photos/ni- https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4cf6c032b7835bcd80af86847fe99e2695a73ca24d580cd98a9ac170c318fffb/GGW_Gallery2_07_2.jpg Fig. 9. 1950’s portrait by Malian photographer Seydou Keita, known for his portraits of people and families taken at his studio in Mali’s capital. Image: Keita, Seydou. Untitled. 1952/1955. Photograph. IPM International Photo Marketing. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/eec70d1a4cdda09005df13ea40c520cba84ecb8bb98194ab21936cc63441ced3/GGW_Gallery4_01GreatGreenWall-Concept-1.jpg Fig. 19. 1952 - English botanist Richard St. Barbe Baker proposed a 30 mile deep “green front” to contain the Sahara. St. Barbe Baker worked as a botanist in English-colonized Kenya and as the Assistant Conservator of Forests in colonized Nigeria in the 1920s. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8c69e5d1ede1673a11e9cfc527b41468338e60024b7b8cbfe018b17cfdb51f5b/GGW_Gallery4_02GreatGreenWall-Concept-2.jpg Fig. 20. Decades after Baker's idea disappeared from policy discussions, the United Nations Council on Combating Deforestation revived the concept of a Great Green Wall and in 2005 it was approved by the Community of Sahel-Saharan States in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/73289330745f3dbefc7a9eeb159abf5fbdb1f3c2d16e0aa2c932ded0685651b3/GGW_Gallery4_03GreatGreenWall-Concept-3.jpg Fig. 21. The proposed trajectory of The Great Green Wall passes through regions with permanent settlements, farms, conservation land, and lands used by nomadic pastoralists. Planting initiatives will not be located in uninhabited or sparsely populated areas. The project has been underway since 2010, and while each country proceeds at its own pace, in total, The Great Green Wall is estimated to be about 15% complete. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c196794174d6b482b7c8c72d240e09143f80a880dd49c55d8ee286f745f63040/GGW_Gallery5_01.jpg Fig. 23. Image: Westhold, Lisa. Agroforestry in Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso. Forest, Climate & Livelihood Network. http://www.focali.se/en/news/fao-international-confer- ence-on-forests-for-food-security-and-nutrition (accessed July 16, 2020) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/70b7804ce46cb033101f68e9268372e63481df96ea2f0e006520aab4e5f33e22/GGW_Gallery6_05_3.jpg Fig. 31. View of a “Zai” market on the outskirts of Ouahigouya. Source: The Man Who Stopped the Desert, directed by Mark Dodd (2010; Burkina Faso:1080 Film & Television) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/81a4d133e91c64b9da1c42bf4dccb58fee665c1d414b46237bfad5f2f043241b/GGW_Gallery6_05_.jpg Fig. 29. View of Sawadogo’s village on the outskirts of Ouahigouya, the third largest city in Burkina Faso. Source: The Man Who Stopped the Desert, directed by Mark Dodd (2010; Burkina Faso:1080 Film & Television) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/74fc17c4a9bbb3b65c0fbe68fd39b953bde1dc88a62b2396848c9a5df4f2135d/GGW_Gallery6_05_2.jpg Fig. 30. View of Sawadogo’s village on the outskirts of Ouahigouya. Source: The Man Who Stopped the Desert, directed by Mark Dodd (2010; Burkina Faso:1080 Film & Television) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/88bb1287aab0efb9d856943369ade697d3aa985cc8826165ca2299359c97eebb/GGW_Gallery7_06_.jpg Fig. 37. Zai pit construction on Sawadogo’s farm. Source: The Man Who Stopped the Desert, directed by Mark Dodd (2010; Burkina Faso:1080 Film & Television) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/440a4ea8e41a2b48b7bdaa8b11fe6c07043398478198d78f3ad6a4c557583ad8/GGW_Gallery7_06_2.jpg Fig. 38. Contour stone bunds on Sawadogo’s farm. Source: The Man Who Stopped the Desert, directed by Mark Dodd (2010; Burkina Faso:1080 Film & Television) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6825dbef049d42579a916c4d1574c0e5bcb326ccbd6f67b17c93549ec1984943/GGW_Gallery7_06_3.jpg Fig. 39. Termites -- attracted to manure in Zai pits -- play a critical role in breaking up the soil. View from Sawadogo’s farm. Source: The Man Who Stopped the Desert, directed by Mark Dodd (2010; Burkina Faso:1080 Film & Television) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8639fe948b42776b3b150741f8f161230ee90c3ec0cd2ebd3f434c902de70e2a/GGW_Gallery7_06_4.jpg Fig. 40. Sawadogo shares his methods with others in the community during harvest season. Source: The Man Who Stopped the Desert, directed by Mark Dodd (2010; Burkina Faso:1080 Film & Television) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cb904773895950553ed324fa8d54ce616de9c2cc1fadd56ac0ec160295e4356b/GGW_Gallery7_06_5.jpg Fig. 41. Sawadogo shares his methods with others in the community during harvest season. Source: The Man Who Stopped the Desert, directed by Mark Dodd (2010; Burkina Faso:1080 Film & Television) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fdef7ac7fc1d9a2daaef5d0536768ba7f897324a57cba8b2ed227013ae298671/GGW_Gallery7_06_6.jpg Fig. 42. Millet, an ancient grain, is one of the staple crops Sawadogo grows on his farm. Source: The Man Who Stopped the Desert, directed by Mark Dodd (2010; Burkina Faso:1080 Film & Television) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0b87517a6bd7fd88714b55d697b3c159d419a49b27113be4dfb0de04aec8a2db/GGW_Gallery7_06_7.jpg Fig. 43. Millet, an ancient grain, is one of the staple crops Sawadogo grows on his farm. Source: The Man Who Stopped the Desert, directed by Mark Dodd (2010; Burkina Faso:1080 Film & Television) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3d64abe39ef8366b65f4d3b3961029d97460ec8f5155f3b4c85027d82bd648b1/GGW_Gallery8_01_22.jpg Fig. 45. Community workshops teaching sustainable agriculture practices such as the Zai pit and stone bund farming are crucial to extending these methods across the Yatenga province in Burkina Faso and into neighboring countries. Above, villagers are taught how to use a water tube level. Images: 1: FAO. Villagers are trained how to use a water tube level. FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/X5301E/x5301e04.htm (accessed July 16, 2020); 2: FAO. A model is used to demonstrate how contour stone bunds work. FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/X5301E/x5301e04.htm (accessed July 16, 2020). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9c4cb0cf390bcc9925f677102e8fb180796670de4d361e9f2d2f996fcb3bb1c8/forest-cover_drought_gdp-01-01.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/65772858b8b42586ad27b6c5299666773985d3740b53e59e49eaf64c81bccbe9/20.jpg Fig. 44. View of vegetation growing out of contour stone bunds in the village of Ranawa, Niger. Source: Chris Reij, Gray Tappan, Melinda Smale. Time-series aerial photographs over Ranawa in 1984, 1996, and 2002 (left to right). Agro Environmental Transformation in the Sahel. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ef11b223d78aca7c6ac6dbbd3f64b981be9caa43ef56e7836387407253ec67f5/20201014_timeline-01.jpg Fig. 6. The West African climate has shifted multiple times between humid optima and hyperarid since the end of the last glacial period, leading to massive migrations and the rise and fall of cities. Aridity and Migration Data: Coutros, Peter R. “A Fluid Past: Socio‐Hydrological Systems of the West African Sahel across the Long Durée.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 6, no. 5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1365. Maps and Images: Cyon, Nikolaj.Alkebu-lan 1260 AH Presentation. December 16, 2014. https://prezi.com/zqjrcx-uj7d_/alkebu-lan-1260-ah-presentation/ (accessed July 16, 2020) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/67f1afa94d49531ef22c47b17825029b821f7f01ddb6225094ac5980d517c0cd/20201014_Desertification-01.jpg Fig. 14. Pre-colonial land practices were characterized by diversified uses and plant species. Farmers used agroforestry and rotational grazing to improve soil fertility. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/67134a7fad7060c04f2ce53d684be8c7fa1413f4d737eefd28c18e5e4b15e830/20201014_Desertification-02.jpg Fig. 15. The French Protectorate enforced intensive agriculture that quickly diminished soil fertility across the Sahel. The French colonial settler practices included planting large areas in monocultures, deforesting to plant crops and overgrazing the land. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0742aab9c517f0317c8fb2711495dd5da6017bd1bbf7d38639811aa64d08d7c1/20201014_Desertification-03.jpg Fig. 16. As colonial practices decreased the soil fertility, there was a large rural to urban migration. Land that was previously farmed was abandoned, leading to increasing erosion and aridity due to the decreased plant matter. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3d33b7d8cfdb5fe17f3517c976b73591bccf8c50cc7f80e08ed1d3a4fdbcc26f/20201014_Desertification-04.jpg Fig. 17. Dune formation followed land abandonment, as sand and dust from the Sahara Desert blew over portions of the Sahel. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/092a97768bd6e29d1bbb3acec87f8dff0a743d188e5947da5f8aff3a514e32cd/20201014_timeline-02.jpg Fig. 18. Timeline of land use and drought in the Sahel region. In the late 1880s, under French colonial rule, land in the area now known as Burkina Faso was farmed intensively, resulting in soil depleted of nutrients and water. In the mid-1950s the English botanist Richard St. Barbe Baker proposed planting a "Great Green Wall" starting with a 30 mile tree buffer at the southern edge of the Sahara desert. Since Burkina Faso's independence in 1960 the Great Green Wall initiative has expanded latitudinally across the entire Sahel. Images: BBC. Burkina Faso profile timeline. 2018. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13072857 (accessed July 16, 2020) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/267eb138fd2f77fc83cbfeacda2ba041552018d8b76bc9f15be5795e11a9187d/20201015_Agroforestry_Section-01.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d06e0f787cf01422a3e6b87dbd57cd4a895415f03b572c2ad83d7c8c276fe608/20201015_GGW_Tactics-01.jpg Fig. 32. Catalog of methods used by Yacouba Sawadogo in Burkina Faso’s Yatenga Province. The combination of forest buffers, bund walls, and Zai pits have been used to increase crop yields up to 100%. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/20cc74e9ac821ba8a79389c322e9905fa2342d338370685e5637b852efdffa67/20201015_GGW_Tactics-STEP1-03.jpg Fig. 33. Zai pit construction over a 7-10 year period: 1) farmers dig Zai pits, adding compost or manure, termites, and begin growing staple crops such as millet and sorghum. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/21735c6ee47d89d4b4898bbc0c82228992ddb6d07e5b9895b6a4cda50ba2616d/20201015_GGW_Tactics-STEP2-03.jpg Fig. 34. Zai pit construction over a 7-10 year period: 2) farmers install low bund walls to capture water and seeds. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9929cd9c75896997a255c79e8113dd2761d7f16f40785743119c90ad10f3f24a/20201015_GGW_Tactics-STEP3-03.jpg Fig. 35. Zai pit construction over a 7-10 year period: 3) bund walls removed and reused as vegetation grows. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f12ed4917ed0b864206681d89b35818729d6b7c0a7330c1e11a4814805821dcc/20201015_GGW_Tactics-STEP3-04-03.jpg Fig. 36. Zai pit construction over a 7-10 year period: 4) The line of stones becomes a line of plants that slows the water further. More seeds sprout at the upstream edge. Grasses are replaced by shrubs and trees, which further enrich the soil. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/817567c1f2db2616ea7388c60a8398d469b9eff28d632bcdb82d7bc61cf26520/Region-Map.jpg Fig. 4. A gradient of Dry Subhumid to Hyperarid regions in Northern Africa. The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) variability is linked to Sahel rainfall; when there is a cold AMO phase, there are extended droughts over the Sahel. Increasing greenhouse gasses raise the AMO, which leads to increasing rainfall. Aridity biomes adapted from: Niemeijer, David, Robin White and Grégoire de Kalbermatten. “Desertification Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being.” (2005). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/127854e4002e7edce492101abc93f2b21b5c7bf48940c616f2f3036edfed792a/Region-Map3.jpg Fig. 5. The Sahel is a transitional ecoregion of semi-arid grasslands, savannas, steppes, and thorn shrublands. Over time, sand has shifted - the Sahara is not taking over the Sahel, but it is fluctuating based on intercontinental trends. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/349bc8ed526ea750855044774719b32bb29772fda76288ac3d935d2d3cad6bd4/20201020_ORGANIZATION_AVH-01.jpg Fig. 22. The Great Green Wall is managed by over 50 international and government groups and NGOs at a range of scales from international, such as the African Union, to the village-scale, such as the Zai markets in Burkina Faso. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9290458dc910a0c8ea45e35e91e020d278ccb523a3189ffbd307fb6458365b00/20201020_GGW_Tactics-Matrix_AVH2.jpg Fig. 24. Great Green Wall design methods https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b3d3e9a1c6f26234a7eec1e399814904a6d092b071cf75d8155bb12c2d9e4e28/20201020_Mid-Scale-Map_AVH.jpg Fig. 25. Burkina Faso “Zai” techniques practiced in Yatenga Province have the potential to be shared with other communities through grassroots workshops. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/eccf17c19471536e72207cdf239a1ba3e1ef8ea75b90cac3fc5805a4e81b9fb6/20201020_Mid-Scale-Map_AVH2.jpg Fig. 26. Yacouba Sawadogo adapted the indigenous “Zai” pit technique by increasing the size of the pit. This change was initially resisted by some in the community but has become widely adopted. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f53d72dc49a8485fa9ad731e5e45ccbc0d7a9c283e100f84ddb4f8d123cc7eb9/20201020_Mid-Scale-Map_AVH3.jpg Fig. 27. Until 1997, The Agroforestry Project (PAF) worked with villagers outside of Ouahigouya, in the Yatenga Province of Burkina Faso to demonstrate and implement “Zai” pit and stone bund techniques. Each year Yacouba Sawadogo holds Zai market and harvest work days to teach techniques to other farmers and villages. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/07066a7eaaa105edef09ec76101aac9fd6bd945d6ab3f8716f9fe264ffd1cd40/GGW2.jpg Fig. 28. Local communities are integral to the success of the Great Green Wall, and vice versa. Agroforestry methods practiced on village farms allow for the production of local resources including food, fodder, and firewood that would otherwise have to be sourced from far distances. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/de0024c27ab553c86cc2afa3c6e0674673576ae4a35127bdf35debddcfdb0c21/20201014_GGW_SahelRegionmap_figure1-03.jpg Fig. 3. The Sahel is a transitional arid and semi-arid region between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savannah to the south. Warming temperatures and decreased rainfall continue to exacerbate poor soil conditions across much of the region. The current iteration of the Great Green Wall is a mosaic of landscape interventions across the Sahel Region. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/40f9a87e75a3c92b004b2911a3cd06794421d6964c3ba904d68a99ef88696d87/20201014_GGW_SahelRegionmap_Figure7-03.jpg Fig. 7. Drought conditions contribute to food scarcity - a major problem facing the region which is expected to worsen as the population is predicted to double by 2050. Source: Corda, Tiziana. “A Tale of Two Related Plights: Climate Change and Humanitarian Crises in Africa.” ISPI. Italian Institute for International Political Studies, March 29, 2018. https://www.ispionline.it/en/pubblicazione/tale-two-related-plights-climate-change-and-humanitarian-crises-africa-19964. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a107b18ac320abff87ce7c60fc7289edbcb6189b5044d55467810fdfcab89357/20201021_Desertification_allsections-05.jpg Fig. 13. Desertification is a process of gradual ecosystem decline from productive arid to biologically unproductive land. During the process, plants, animals and soil are stressed beyond their ability to adjust to changing conditions. Desertification often begins with soil erosion and nutrient-leaching, which leads to the collapse of flora and fauna. https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Commonwealth-of-Massachusetts-Initiatives 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/dd57816db69bb3676ec908bf79a4123ef3a47859386611efd2b56e67001bca7b/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery01_04_Mass_bedrock-01.jpg Fig. 4. Massachusetts granite vs. sandy coast https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e3fb45988545f562045134d5d11b85edeb9aa1bfc91575abbb30d8e327350092/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery01_05_watersheds-01.jpg Fig. 5. Massachusetts watersheds. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/de63354080446e1179d891b5866b60cc798a9403ab87409774c7bd466ec7ceb3/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery01_07_boundaries-01.jpg Fig. 7. Massachusetts layered boundaries ownership map showing Indigenous boundary lines, Land ownership, State and municipal boundaries, and natural feature boundaries (hardiness zones, granitic vs. sandy coast, watersheds) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5e90b6da12e70171c86060d15f659f540b1c06af3a8111864cb7ba43d1221ee4/0831_timeline_MA_combined.jpg Fig. 8. A recent history of this land traces the threads related to the four climate case studies. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/48dc1e1a992dd1bc8871cfd670e101f78769b3d34df41bff39f32452abaf8305/Found-Images.jpg Fig. 11. 1928 image from the Harvard Forest Archive demonstrating techniques. Cline, Albert C. “What not to do.” Harvard Forest, Harvard University. 1928. Hollis Images. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e123b23aadc4554e82cc64e420bc4b07a639102dbb1779e529c5b7a1b5b9a283/Found-Images2.jpg Fig. 13. A 2007 photograph by David Forst depicting a “Bark respiration” device. Foster, David R. “Bark respiration equipment.” Harvard Forest at Harvard University. 2007. Hollis Images. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2f92d1a541bf50d0c687014a4bb0f484bf92ee926cf8fabe77053cf512a4b5ba/Found-Images3.jpg Fig. 12. Experimental dirt plots at Harvard Forest. Harvard Forest. “Dirt Plots.” Harvard Forest at Harvard University. 2006. Hollis Images. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6fda68210e4947bc534ac5c0c63dd29f4dfe553127f8f816ffb8268ace11f39c/Found-Images4.jpg Fig. 14. Hubbard, Jakara. “Students in Experimental Garden.” Harvard Forest at Harvard University. 2003. Hollis Images. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b6b8dceb8a28de4212e718631a088cd31ef46fcb04cd6d04d37807ed69a23b01/28-30.jpg Fig. 15. “New England Forests: A Globally Important Resource.” Source: Wildlands and Woodlands 2017 Report. Data from: Hansen, M. C., R. S. DeFries, J. R. G. Townshend, M. Carroll, C. Dimiceli, and R. A. Sohlberg. 2003. Global percent tree cover at a spatial resolution of 500 meters: First results of the MODIS vegetation continuous fields algorithm. Earth Interactions 7:1–15. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d88bd8929761d272c9a7e5cf9c812d8270902a4c069c8d9133e9952791b51839/28-302.jpg Fig. 16. “For the first time since agricultural abandonment in the mid-1800s, Massachusetts and the five other New England states are again losing forest cover. Each year, thousands of acres of Massachusetts’ forests and fields are lost to subdivisions, commercial development, and roads. This ‘hard deforestation’ process is much harder to reverse than the historic clearing of land for farms and pasture.” Thompson, Jonathan, Kathy Fallon Lambert, David Foster, Meghan Blumstein, Eben Broadbent, Angelica Almeyda Zambrano. Changes to the Land: Four Scenarios of the Massachusetts Landscape. Petersham: Harvard Forest, 2014. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/986daa82431c125a25ffd0bf2d18735fd41d61adf9f7af32b18809d058b78e57/28-303.jpg Fig. 17 The Wildlands and Woodlands Vision seeks to preserve half of the New England landscape as “extensive ‘woodlands’ that are sustainably managed for wood products and ‘wildlands’ where nature is left to take its course.” Thompson, Jonathan, Kathy Fallon Lambert, David Foster, Meghan Blumstein, Eben Broadbent, Angelica Almeyda Zambrano. Changes to the Land: Four Scenarios of the Massachusetts Landscape. Petersham: Harvard Forest, 2014. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d15b23fc73103955ca2e0342e4d47dcbcc3aa7551b62f72c32e7f3b48924fdc3/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery04_01_ChangesToTheLand.jpg Fig. 19. Recent Trends simulates the continuation of land use trends from 1999-2005 assuming that development trends were to continue into 2060. Thompson, Jonathan, Kathy Fallon Lambert, David Foster, Meghan Blumstein, Eben Broadbent, Angelica Almeyda Zambrano. Changes to the Land: Four Scenarios of the Massachusetts Landscape. Petersham: Harvard Forest, 2014. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/fbaa1e67430df503d95644f960fa22f383e9873d48997f93d7b4c2a95214ea80/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery04_02_ChangesToTheLand.jpg Fig. 19. Recent Trends simulates the continuation of land use trends from 1999-2005 assuming that development trends were to continue into 2060. Thompson, Jonathan, Kathy Fallon Lambert, David Foster, Meghan Blumstein, Eben Broadbent, Angelica Almeyda Zambrano. Changes to the Land: Four Scenarios of the Massachusetts Landscape. Petersham: Harvard Forest, 2014. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cc6886e5ee92c5b8cf03d175b1ba552382480071e1019309bd8fd7df950f26cd/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery04_03_ChangesToTheLand.jpg Fig. 20. The Opportunistic Growth scenario simulates profit-driven, rapid, deregulated economic growth with no land-use planning, leading to a decrease in forest cover which would result in increased flood risk and decreased water quality. Thompson, Jonathan, Kathy Fallon Lambert, David Foster, Meghan Blumstein, Eben Broadbent, Angelica Almeyda Zambrano. Changes to the Land: Four Scenarios of the Massachusetts Landscape. Petersham: Harvard Forest, 2014. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/050bd3a9a939af75bbe752649072d31e800bb35a6814b35f884e287142c79e2d/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery04_04_ChangesToTheLand.jpg Fig. 21. The Regional Self-Reliance scenario simulates local energy production through biomass and local food production - leading to an increase in timber harvest, decreased flood risk, and potential decrease in water quality.Thompson, Jonathan, Kathy Fallon Lambert, David Foster, Meghan Blumstein, Eben Broadbent, Angelica Almeyda Zambrano. Changes to the Land: Four Scenarios of the Massachusetts Landscape. Petersham: Harvard Forest, 2014. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/beab128a92d70137ae97bd7ec8b699d0ae829536e9017d16dfd502bd50745a5e/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery04_05_ChangesToTheLand.jpg Fig. 22. The Forest as Infrastructure scenario simulates an increase in forest cover that is balanced between harvested woodlands and conserved wildlands, resulting in low-cost carbon storage, decreased flood risk, cleaner waterways and increased biodiversity.Thompson, Jonathan, Kathy Fallon Lambert, David Foster, Meghan Blumstein, Eben Broadbent, Angelica Almeyda Zambrano. Changes to the Land: Four Scenarios of the Massachusetts Landscape. Petersham: Harvard Forest, 2014. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/906c27640347810b29bde4a83c63237290fbbd2300f80cd7388098e29e9fde20/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery04_06_ChangesToTheLand.jpg Fig. 23 Four land-use scenarios from Changes to the Land and their impact on impervious cover, water runoff and phosphorous export. Thompson, Jonathan, Kathy Fallon Lambert, David Foster, Meghan Blumstein, Eben Broadbent, Angelica Almeyda Zambrano. Changes to the Land: Four Scenarios of the Massachusetts Landscape. Petersham: Harvard Forest, 2014. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f1eb5d26c8740a7dd65cfbfeba9f265b7880c4bbe69b66883c9540dc59b8a849/Found-Images.jpg Fig. 24. Four land-use scenarios from Changes to the Land play out different land-use allocation scenarios in order to shape future regional conservation and development policy. Thompson, Jonathan, Kathy Fallon Lambert, David Foster, Meghan Blumstein, Eben Broadbent, Angelica Almeyda Zambrano. Changes to the Land: Four Scenarios of the Massachusetts Landscape. Petersham: Harvard Forest, 2014. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a6fbd0a05163ff58c759fc71770565f86c8a84701ed190887dea944a67b10f1e/Found-Images2.jpg Fig. 25. Four scenarios from Changes to the Land and their impact on tree species composition - demonstrating that the impact of land-use choices are profound and exceed some impacts of climate change. Thompson, Jonathan, Kathy Fallon Lambert, David Foster, Meghan Blumstein, Eben Broadbent, Angelica Almeyda Zambrano. Changes to the Land: Four Scenarios of the Massachusetts Landscape. Petersham: Harvard Forest, 2014. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a47877d1161af314bbae548b9ebce856940a64d5176ac24627cea938144d3e34/1-temp.JPG Fig. 26. Tidmarsh Farms in Plymouth Massachusetts is a former cranberry farm that has undergone “the largest freshwater restoration ever completed in the Northeast” according to the Mass Audubon Society. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ce66a025ba9d2c1d05b0c1fdf9004695ab534f36af1bf2b2190032d3a5d98de4/Found-Images.jpg Fig. 28. 1891 Article details the conditions of the “largest (cranberry) yield of any previous year.” Fig. 28. Nye, Charles H.. Cranberry Crop for 1891. Broadsides 1891, Held by the Massachusetts Historical Society. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/31a10c284da33b6bdf4cc2822b68298dd8c15a0ef8754a0186bc5476ca7d6205/Found-Images2.jpg Fig. 30. The cranberry industry employed immigrants from Cape Verde, Finland and Portugal in the early 20th century. Harwich Historical Society. Cranberry harvesters. 1920. https://capecodlife.com/a-brief-history-of-the-cranberry-cape-cods-most-important-fruit/3/ https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/72fca9e520d8be0fc0a1f342e4166aefa6dbf7c21dbb35401a16d8d7f4897de4/Found-Images3.jpg Fig. 32 Bog flooding, used to protect plants from cold, to ease harvest, and to control pests, requires the damming of rivers and the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers. Buzzards Bay Coalition. Woods Hole Research Center biogeochemist Lindsay Scott takes water level measurements of a cranberry bog during harvest. Buzzards Bay Coalition. 2018. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/41dcc91ed44d61258b064f098d2990d44e016437b89adab57772798950a9acff/Found-Images4.jpg Fig. 33. Caption and Source https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1853b8051eb1a60b956131399bc5165edf58653f5e7554d8b8b9ebca8e84f820/Found-Images.jpg Fig. 34. View of Tidmarsh farms wetland restoration. Helle, Eric J. Aerial view of restored wetland. 2018. https://interfluve.com/2020/tidmarsh-farms-river-wetland-restoration/ https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/da733ec56663c68d0d839f1994ebc5649a6381167d1541895df604a164cd3c57/Found-Images2.jpg Fig. 35 ”Over 3,000 pieces of large woody debris were incorporated into the stream channel restoration” Photo: Mass Audubon.. 2018. https://interfluve.com/2020/tidmarsh-farms-river-wetland-restoration/ https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/68368b411e5dacd04c9e3553c070447b6e73ae695b00d64edc1f62af7b7043a5/Found-Images3.jpg Fig. 36 Spinski, Tristan. “A stream originating from the natural springs inside the Tidmarsh sanctuary creates a path for herring to travel to and from the Atlantic Ocean.” The New York Times. July 4, 2017. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a9b419a5065ceb5e2afe8afd9edb88a2ff916f04d9980c63e40928da7347b5a4/Found-Images4.jpg Fig. 37 Spinski, Tristan. “There is a push and pull between old and new on Tidmarsh, between nascent plants and those that are dying.” The New York Times. July 4, 2017. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bcd8002783e75f8d12b29f8859eb39590ecd0d167b66d0429964de217c991c1c/Found-Images5.jpg Fig. 38 Helle, Eric J. Aerial view of restored wetland. 2018. https://interfluve.com/2020/tidmarsh-farms-river-wetland-restoration/ https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b46789347e4c83230d09c5a2b35cec118c3f3a3032f12784570a7eea8d9f50b7/Found-Images6.jpg Fig. 39 MIT Living Observatory. “Virtual Tidmarsh Farms. 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09FR6zDl0GE https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c36c89d58526d2c541596e40207afd927900e6c74b9a0d2069087c4f70db3a2a/Found-Images.jpg Fig. 43 Harvard University’s Weld Boathouse. Harvard Recreation. 2020. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/744cb88b9abf727bdf85dfe22e311ef812a9cbed9cba19b3492f68c3165ff066/Found-Images2.jpg Fig. 44 Charles River Dam Local Protection Project, US Army Corps of Engineers. 2015. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a4096c93015962ca7be0ef1a4ecec6f5de4e70fc98fbdfb5b79cb947e81576ce/Found-Images3.jpg Fig. 45 Charles Davenport. “Proposed Charles River Park.” Cambridge: Harvard Map Collection, 1880. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/aad1c30179c036fd63a81d57dc78b29c173bbff9b160c39780ad9f37ac27034d/Found-Images4.jpg Fig. 46 Charles Perkins. “Map of the Boston Water Works.” Cambridge: Harvard Map Collection, 1972. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c6c2a48c66dee3a6415f79998d3e3d25ad08bbfbfbf3858284cd94a013be1ef3/Found-Images5.jpg Fig. 47 Charles River Natural Valley Storage Area map, USACE 2016. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d8c54f20e7bf2220b563031e3fcab71d7918a215cb0d5cab9c5a17e519e13f0f/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery08_01_bostonfema-04.jpg Fig. 48 Climate Ready Boston locations, sea level rise, and FEMA high flood risk zones https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/687012506020e92dc21ad7a7655596808bccec0c14959b895215f6e210beba38/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery08_02_boston.jpg Fig. 49 History of land interventions in Boston https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5a73491754d72f497b8f8cabff1e3175612cbfe990840c8b9153daa154fd8568/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery08_03_boston.jpg Fig. 50 Climate Ready Boston locations and NOAA predictions for sea level rise https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/400edbb23a92e9f5bd92d85e9f8794ab9ce40d797a7fef2ee4f65d0373734a2b/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery08_05_bostonredlining-01.jpg Fig. 52 Climate Ready Boston locations, sea level rise, and 1938 Redlining by the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation which categorized neighborhoods on their livability, based heavily on racial composition https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d4057b35ed4855255696b1093b748f8c19c4a9195eb7fcd99be50394afeb0b08/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery08_06_boston.jpg Fig. 53 Climate Ready Boston locations, sea level rise, and property value https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6db048d38f7062768d363f2d51090676697e625159a06820132cf0be4cb2b5b3/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery08_07_bostonfema2.jpg Fig. 54 Climate Ready Boston locations, sea level rise, and FEMA high flood risk zones https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/00f2b05cbedfcac0ebbc9e491db5ff8609035fe87740118a7bacc5303fc80cf5/CommonwealthofMassachusetts_Gallery09_01_Climate-Ready-Boston-Projects.jpg Fig. 55 Overview of current planned and complete projects under the Climate Ready Boston initiative. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5bfb38998f2fd74a428a7f8858dfc291d5604e2b5a5c558c5649d74cc81c50ab/Found-Images.jpg Fig. 56 Firefighter wading through stormwater at Long Wharf in East Boston, Associated Press https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1dc16a5025c59fc2fcd777bf4aa36acd3888ebd51469aa9e11499524cb90fc47/Found-Images2.jpg Fig. 57 Promotional rendering of Clippership Wharf, a luxury residential development in East Boston. (Elevated Residential) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e8e448ea4d20432ca3252f2afaf6df53282c7408339461b5de94e5c3636f6b04/Found-Images3.jpg Fig. 58 Deployable stormwall, Kleinfelder https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/07a52e842fb3feebd2e323cd6d4a15f2d1d3b6a4a4aff732a4df045b8b12c2fb/Found-Images4.jpg Fig. 59 No. Map of the nine focus zones chosen by the city based on a vulnerability assessment. Climate Ready Boston https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4df5452572eae1f06dc9c2ba9a169d5803000385449c18ba6fc84dbbe8b98354/Found-Images5.jpg Fig. 60 caption and source https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d6b14961e350cc8b206cf1a10d5b424204266118270ab8d825e6a9c63c7715ad/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery10_01_Climate-ready-boston-Diagram-2.jpg Fig. 61 The idealized imagery of the Climate Ready Boston report is often at odds with the needs and lived reality of Boston residents. Those outside the areas of focus are still left with fears and doubts around affordability, flood risk and open space access. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b80c9ed717db9bb15f9248151c16ffe541e101fd099f20296037287f518ea043/CommonweathofMassachusetts_Gallery10_02_Climate-ready-boston-Diagram-3.jpg Fig. 62 Green climate gentrification is the theory that using privately funded development to pay for green flood infrastructure increases the chances for both displacement and alienation of the existing neighborhood, potentially pushing residents out into an area with cheaper rents and equal or higher flood risk. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/88fead6356797a0853cf31ee3dd5764b30a3ae628dcc628e0a0d5cc85b39aa76/20200831TimelineMapHybrid_2-02.png Fig. 27. Timeline of cranberry production in Massachusetts and the trajectory of Tidmarsh Farms from farm to wetland restoration. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/5c3554483c3db315e799a8bf0142ffc844a2b175b3936cff64a5a5c51cddcea3/Fig-2.-Indigenous-Boundaries-01-01.png Fig. 2. Indigenous territories from https://native-land.ca https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f9d0fdc4ff9b3308a7b249af27e934ecd0ae978890251680919fe03b327997c2/20200831_Mass_regional_1-Recovered-01.jpg Fig. 3. Massachusetts land ownership showing federal and state-owned land, land trusts, and private for-profit land ownership. territories from https://native-land.ca https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b7bfb29998b50a4b014957d74b0ee4d76305b3649398560b130afa7c1e05089e/20200831_Mass_regional_1-Recovered2-01.jpg Fig. 3. Massachusetts land ownership showing federal and state-owned land, land trusts, and private for-profit land ownership. territories from https://native-land.ca https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a91dbbf6e51d6521e184f5c9c434a03b3a14804583625434d60bc9ee3a68ccfe/Hardiness-zones-01.jpg Fig. 6. Massachusetts hardiness zones. Plant hardiness zones are shifting northward at an increasing rate. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3ae81de628a0ea56f1196fde7fb93c597f45a36b592274edd66f6330ed8e9045/20200819_Mass_regional_harvardForest-01.jpg Fig 9. Harvard Forest - Three prototypical towns selected for Changes to the Land serve as case-studies for comprehending the implications of future land-use scenarios. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9ea609248c8c05cf6561c47970237df56df363f31923a3ce798b21e8eb1fd54c/20200831TimelineMapHybrid_forest-01.jpg Fig 10. Harvard Forest timeline showing the history of forest related land-use change. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7a5eeacb8de25be9706b198fd71f88f64bd543568c44e4b920d9eb73dd3e0b9c/20200824_BostonArea_ClimateReadyBoston-01.jpg Fig. 51 Climate Ready Boston locations, sea level rise, and areas of filled land https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ff4d0cedc45d5ff12d67667f3345c22a9735031df5729a733eb11a6dbf60d8b4/1-01.png Fig. 40 Charles River Watershed highlighting the Natural Valley Storage Areas. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/570303942c7877ce6797f6cd0bcd56c35b36b1c4ff6150a63ee12616fd70209b/2-01.png Fig. 41 Charles River Natural Valley Storage Areas overlaid with FEMA high risk flood zones. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9665d7c844947f71d2e30414d90f557367e5ebedf66d0dd3449a7b15f03bd1a7/3-01.png Fig. 42 History of interventions along the Charles River. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6dcaecb899c1962fa2aba2700bf4a21fb93cc4600a864d6f750139ef320607c9/final-01.jpg The four climate change projects included in this dossier range in scale and scope, as well as the key climate challenges they tackle. Climate Ready Boston focuses mainly on coastal sea level rise and storm surge; Tidmarsh Wildlife Sanctuary and Charles River Flood Control Project focus on inland flooding; and Harvard Forest’s Changes to the Land looks at statewide land use issues. While separated geographically, these four projects illustrate the reciprocal effects of climate change, such as the ways in which coastal hurricanes can affect inland flooding, and upstream marshes can protect downstream urban areas. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/61a919563827ed5c1be084905789e42f55972d16681c8bb8c18592bad27ef579/final-01.jpg Fig. 1. 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https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/586720bd518d5ba5674da462a8aad45b51d3f2db37120edbcd5adb83e197202d/Room-for-the-River2-2.jpg https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/room-for-the-river-nijmegen-the-netherlands-hns-landscape-architects/#.X032XMhKiUk https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/River-Aire 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3f2e9c4a1e3b3fc4c36a037ed659e732e4bb58c58b90e24e72f480bbf491afe3/River-Aire2-2.jpg http://landezine.com/index.php/2016/06/renaturation-of-the-river-aire-geneva/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Reimagining-the-2-Freeway 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/241c181dde6cca509be3cce4c8d297b03cf2abcaf90f05184d5c9f7e4c042994/Reimagining-the-2-Freeway.jpg https://www.stoss.net/research/speculative https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Reciclo-Organicos 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9f7cf63cec356c001cd58b9c7fc386174c04440e2ffdd74cafbe8586efbc65db/Reciclicos-Organicos-2.jpg https://www.reciclorganicos.com/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/The-Ray-I-85 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7316a4c7d69eb232ed4d8cb6737cedc1db30b359980f1ff3de3117bf1ea38a3c/The-Ray-I-852.jpg https://www.curbed.com/2017/2/6/14521102/highway-the-ray-solar-power-transportation https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Raine-Island-Recovery-Project 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2ee2fac2a0ee71e686be9c218bc613e9ae83a5c45531f9ccc690c1f19f5fe561/Raine-Island-Recovery-Project-2-2.jpg https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Public-Sediment-for-Alameda-Creek 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d065c1be1da3046ff505c1efe5cd3ffdb0dcd853fdda0abfa2930c111dd0ed93/Public-Sediment-for-Alameda-Creek2-2.jpg https://www.scapestudio.com/news/2018/01/public-sediment-alameda-creek/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Pleistocene-Park 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/69f2df3e5b1648adefc3a09fbcaed05cb74619f39898dcb53aff2b524a661836/Pleistocene-Park3-2.jpg https://pleistocenepark.ru/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Parque-Fluvial-Del-Besos 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8300f387f8a15519d7335ae5709fab43a2514182d3083adc87f873dda0220915/Parque-Fluvial-Del-Bess-2.jpg https://www.premiumsuitehotels.com/descubre-el-parque-fluvial-del-besos-con-abarco-apartaments/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Paris-Landmark-Urban-Forests 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7aac896af139acf9af07dd02d0fe1979848178621fd4c54dbff968c47ad6bdec/Paris-Landmark-Urban-Forests2-2.jpg https://www.curbed.com/2019/6/28/18816545/paris-urban-forests-climate-change https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Oerliker-Park 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a13730f947844d853ef507c9f2d243022e1fa71c1965035303ef933175f9398b/Oerliker-Park-2.jpg https://www.studiovulkan.ch/en/projects/public-space/detail/oerliker-park-zurich https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/New-Coastline-for-East-Dike 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/abd2e92e8e707e05606666c81245d991efd2f03e69580465fe8363219b4c66a6/New-Coastline-for-East-Dike.jpg https://www.toposmagazine.com/east-dike-shenzhens-demonstration-zone/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Navajo-Nation-Water-Rights 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/62b0ac4cff1c1192d43207543a649c7aa41c2e89759a996436f91e377702c636/Navajo-Nation-Water-Rights-2.jpg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cry5vNH9U4&feature=emb_logo https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Middelgrunden-Offshore-Wind-Farm-Primary-Case 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e88cde6eded8cf0cac73adf4b05c86ac9f5f239ccacb4c582977cf54015eeb47/thumbnail_WindradKop.jpeg Middelgrunden's 20 turbines stand in a slightly curved formation offshore of Copenhagen, Denmark. Photo (below): PR / Hofor https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Mayaguez-Parque-del-Litoral 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/87069719d270b6b1bb2c799e7564f4f64c6ee05eaca6eedde0f419caac48bf6c/Mayaguez-Parque-del-Litoral3.jpg https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Max-IV-Laboratory-Landscape 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/723a2d96c3fb4a150606ee0400b8899294de63aa3b9452b1439e1f08bf92a33e/Max-IV-Laboratory-Landscape.jpg https://snohetta.com/projects/70-max-iv-laboratory-landscape https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Mass-Audubon-Tidmarsh-Wildlife-Sanctuary-Primary-Caser 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/41760c6d517de4f46aec7ba055e8979e1b64cd6f7facad8d58f3d2ff012f2ea5/Mass-Audubon-Tidmarsh-Wildlife-Sanctuary.jpg https://plymouth.wickedlocal.com/news/20180607/tidmarsh-wildlife-sanctuary-is-open-for-business https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Masdar-City 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2724b1927f714076695d74976095ab11f14016f341fdadc7bc0d2c45f37a2a93/Masdar-City3-2.jpg https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/masdar-city/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Marin-Carbon-Project 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6e68a82897bd0915c5ef243c62cf0feb586876411a29b941aeb807d1d98519c9/Marin-Carbon-Project4-2.jpg https://www.marincarbonproject.org/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Luis-Bunuel-Zaragoza-Water-Park 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b3da124a859c528bd56741cd10fbed5ca345cfbba7394fb70fbf2f1ea0187662/Luis-Bunuel-Zaragoza-Water-Park3.jpg https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Los-Angeles-Turf-Conversion-Program 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c46a3c2b59515d72b0bbfc6122abcaa0d7241c9010be7d9241a5a751fb738bc3/Los-Angeles-Turf-Conversion-Program2.jpg https://www.ladwpnews.com/ladwp-turf-replacement-program-offers-free-workshops-and-3-per-square-foot-rebate-to-help-customers-save/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Living-Breakwaters 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/43cf386816ed2fb3778e5ef5569404e30ee42c745d0fdf8279ffabb1ef4f1fc8/Living-Breakwaters2-2.jpg SCAPE https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Las-Canadas 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f9485b8d6db4299eda1fb9363557344e7387e7b95d5e15a98f982c13f37683f1/Las-Caadas3-2.jpg https://bosquedeniebla.com.mx https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/The-Land-Institute 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/13c8e5e52f30665671d91db95e67fc399b9454fe4b1b6d0f1ebcae8f6751608e/The-Land-Institute-2.jpg https://landinstitute.org/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/La-Quebradora-Hydraulic-Park 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/2935da25a3bbcdcff0a0ebb7d7ce41be29097a1a4af409c2dda5ec56d294e40d/La-Quebradora-Hydraulic-Park-2.jpg https://www.azuremagazine.com/article/mexico-city-parque-hidrico-quebradora/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Korea-Zero-Waste-Movement-Network 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/94ef0f6e28c03defdfc8d89420e82ea1713f44d0ad11a6f0c81aa0715af7061d/Korea-Zero-Waste-Movement-Network-2-2.jpg Photo: Jung Yeon-Je/AFP/Getty Images https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/KM0-Restaurants 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3210a8db1f471586fcd23dfe191036ed2cc16e562124730f381ce8c7b1340312/KM-0-restaurants-2.jpg https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Kawasaki-Eco-Town 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b6a9beb664922fdc5be8ebc1711a84c36989890c63b1c92b6b89369a467c0c72/thumbnail_kawasaki-eco-town.jpeg www.kawasaki-gi.jp https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/KAFD-Environs-Study 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/aec483aefe624db2780bf0a9dc23d673e28934e44b8ae139906824664334d7fd/KAFD-Environs-Study-2.jpg https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/John-Fitch-Highway 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/28ebccea98b0b8f3c7571d895f08a7d105a0e8a978678d0e687a1e3eb2bac5f7/thumbnail_john-fitch-highway.jpeg http://www.ci.fitchburg.ma.us/955/John-Fitch-Highway https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Jarrah-Forest-Bauxite-Mining 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/189a56ba05a431e8511d4ca4c1b7084bc3ceb109934fba114a27c18beceefa3c/Jarrah-Forest-Bauxite-Mining-2.jpg https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Mineral-operations-at-the-Mt-Lyell-the-mine-site-in-the-early-20-th-century-releasing_fig4_234066344 https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Isle-de-Jean-Charles 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/9b38937d59e2159d1da819ce716db42cb56ee957174c38bbef03bc83e75f44f3/Isle-de-Jean-Charles2-2.jpg https://www.nrdc.org/stories/people-isle-jean-charles-are-louisianas-first-climate-refugees-they-wont-be-last https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Inform-Risk-Primary-Case 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b01a1f96e7b8f897630567e81e23df67c2411cc6898c93ba4a0e4fb152ce5b30/Inform-at-Risk-2.jpg https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2175-33692015005002107 https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Hurricane-Matthew-Disaster-Recovery-and-Resilience-Initiative 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/69ac931ca520840dd5ed3b71cfbcbb144fd891f394be48db4466e2ca0073f37d/Hurricane-Matthew-Disaster-Recovery-Program-2.jpg https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Hulhumale 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/982b6b036750bb1ed896d8eb6aa471a9a4d4707f78c585aaf2ea252afa929852/Hulhulmale-3-2.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/nattu/2381882141 https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/The-Hills-at-Vallco 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/659ca9879280df7044ba54fb58d1ef94e4715c11da8de5a71582562665c4e236/The-Hills-at-Vallco2-2.jpg https://www.theolinstudio.com/vallco-town-center https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Hat-lek-Coastal-Community 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/284d04ef70af371973961b303ae2051ca88399f6fa2b8aef8bae8a42c5a0e615/Hat-Lek-Coastal-Community-3.jpg https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Hammarby-Sjostad 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/03a1453a1c3f9e72c8e97f54caaae9c0720872a2b1e681abc75c01bcf1786dcb/Hammarby-Sjstad.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/designforhealth/6384530203 https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/HafenCity 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/89e8d4f051d157e050f1b1ee6f51de7c8cdf66c77408a0787ff2e9bf6387d813/Hafen-City-2.jpg http://www.divercitymag.be/en/how-hamburg-builds-hafencity-the-largest-urban-construction-site-in-europe/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/The-Green-New-Deal 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7f5ecebaaf3c33974f3eca72526ed0516a37f0d044ca885f36b6ab38cc4f5763/The-Green-New-Deal3-2.jpg https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/The-Great-Green-Wall-Primary-Case 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/203d16b38b3639f8ba254dfba9b2c159ba223225bac8dc0e8b928e5c581f2283/The-Great-Green-Wall4.jpg https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Grasbrook-The-New-District 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/141eb5c8704865b53886b0212bef5095adb19c55c920ca00425f73b580e49589/Grasbrook---The-New-District2.jpg https://www.grasbrook.de/1-rang-wb3-herzog-de-meuron-basel-ltd-mit-vogt-landschaftsarchitekten-ag/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Galindez-Slope-and-Pau-Casals-Square 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8fa1ccae03b2ca5bb7de381c58f9eea1318de7c667ab06dad91b7493f9eb7bf7/Galindez-Slope-and-Pau-au-Casals-Square-2.jpg https://inhabitat.com/geometric-park-heals-a-rocky-rift-in-bilbao/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Flash-Forest 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/57e39e8fe50563443817fec52ab746520ea3d2ae47a2e660d6e2b216eb191ea1/Flash-Forest.jpg https://newatlas.com/environment/flash-forest-drones-reforestation/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/El-Parque-del-Rio-Acequia-Networks 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/cc0c8fb7342b216ba89933ac1760d2b9b08419bd909fff9fc4a7c1a36254873d/El-Parque-del-Rio---Acequia-Networks3-2.jpg https://surroundings.studio/epdr https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Eko-Atlantic-Great-Wall-of-Lagos 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/61bdf44f87fe6ea48efcc264b1e515e32f79e7c6bdae56f5630eece586016f2d/Eko-Atlantic---Great-Wall-of-Lagos-2.jpg https://www.ekoatlantic.com/education/sea-wall/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Ecopolis-Plaza 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f61c7e22b17eb2ce724f6da3540297695896ac22be6c0c157a5f2207a9dc80f2/Ecopolis-Plaza-2.jpg https://ecosistemaurbano.org/?s=Ec%C3%B3polis+Plaza https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Eco-Boulevard 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1928155e9c810416885b2066a3edeea53222d3bdab8bc936b6ebe345f280c571/Eco-Boulevard-2.jpg https://ecosistemaurbano.org/tag/ecobulevar/ https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/East-Kolkata-Wetlands-Primary-Case 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 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https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1c51ac0fd15763c384dfc1f3d2bfed1deba8ee941c3c7eaa7281d41832215aab/nyc-crime-obsessed.jpg The History Behind New York’s Crumbling Subway https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/088517aa0ccec0124e80c3cb64e503a20b0c90e4eddd0d622f481238e913eb21/Ny-old-infrastructure.jpg New York's dangerously old public infrastructures https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7681ff7fef7b653434b3eff8c1413f04e7299357ae184d65b2f2afec827bfc90/ny-transit-woes.jpg New York’s transit woes and the looming climate crisis are inextricably linked https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/909ae5c4bb59dd7b32644c10b8a6364bde22d4f80564459f166c15db86365cce/cooling-singapire.jpg Strategies for Cooling Singapore https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ea4efd9fccffeda39337f7bb5ae07b0de44df930ce53d2b21832ee8cff21cb10/15-min-city.jpg Introducing the “15-Minute City”: Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bcc07e53579d4af9fd514dcd27273ec437d6334cf00daabcc48c594d65e42994/nyc-15-min-city.jpg The 15-Minute City: Can New York Be More Like Paris https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1ffd672e906aec146aee0055052713b425fee30e1e3bb1ee83c8601b6b99a232/2021-report-card.jpg 2021 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c37cd95e93feb3ac9056509620874e3c62667ff8915fc1266a64a5f5f2f38e3a/northeast-climate-.jpg Northeast National Climate Assessment https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Geoengineering-Why-We-May-Need-It 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/abd61d0916b516365e4f964a87cbd7e3ee8f92709b8aadd91a8ba3cc89900476/nov_23.jpg https://grist.org/ https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/c392939cea6368e567e90816d24fbd181a30eb1f78e1c1c7591fb730df9ee44c/schrag-video-capture.jpg Ask a Harvard Professor: Daniel Schrag & David Keith Harvard Magazine Podcast (October 16, 2020) 45 minutes https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/bdbf0b222d52654c5518471678fd28ae26a3630bfb2a341b24a1c15bafbf9003/whent-he-earth-metls.jpg This Climate Pioneer Is Trying To Stop The Arctic From Melting/ VICE on HBO https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d07665b2c8950d498e1a1c7bae761ef570e89bb0ae757df098d768ec53090480/benefits-and-risks.jpg Benefits and Risks of Stratospheric Solar Radiation Management for Climate Intervention (Geoengineering) https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e2603e2356b3b5ed6bfe3aa099d83f4af79b8778ab0a502c2a4be50f679b6d0b/our-position-on-geoengineering.jpg Our Position on Geoengineering https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Climate-Justice-1 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1ab4f2462c8ffe92dbfa831997d798357135d6b98465ee770d37081142bace4a/climate-rally-33_33539389043B_o-1-1349x900.jpeg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/118d5552ccc7949e0a9fe0efb904df3c7dc3da7fda66a338645a1399d42bb1e6/Sze-reading.jpg Sze, Julie. “Restoring Environmental Justice,” Environmental Justice in a Moment of Danger. Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2020: 76–98. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/6e56f9e92e6ca3a3964cb3f3d288c6966bd12a484e71a63bfaaf9c010346df23/indigenous-science.jpg Whyte, Kyle P. 2018. “Indigenous Science (fiction) for the Anthropocene: Ancestral Dystopias and Fantasies of Climate Change Crises.” Environment and Planning. E, Nature and Space (Print) 1 (1-2): 224–42. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/baea89863acd8bd42b51ecd7ef9fdbc2b991edb7461479f89e9160073390e800/biggest-emergency.jpg Monet, Jenni. “The Biggest Emergency,” CJR, Spring 2020. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/647e37a3d51c32d335c0fe1fb8dc675a52965b093db2f8566558b89967c6dc69/rush-to-electric.jpg Riofrancos, Thea. “The Rush to ‘Go Electric’ Comes with a Hidden Cost: Destructive Lithium Mining,” The Guardian, June 4, 2021. https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Concluding-Thoughts 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/da6dea022b669b83ce21c705495270fcc601d6bd9b15161278f5091d334bc8f5/design-earth-after-geoengineering.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/29e2b21d37e259f330f394ab6f2feb867090bcf29c74a8185aad11f3a0f287b4/sociology-of-climate-change.jpg Elliott, Rebecca. “The Sociology of Climate Change as a Sociology of Loss.” Archives Européennes de Sociologie. European Journal of Sociology., vol. 59, no. 3, Cambridge University Press, 2018, pp. 301–37. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1035b73fd28488e87bd523e9401bebd006c8f45e997eccd3b5d7c3bfe60e3ead/design-earth.jpg DESIGN EARTH (Rania Ghosn & El Hadi Jazairy), The Planet After Geoengineering Barcelona and New York, ACTAR Publishers, 2021, excerpts. https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Case-07-Middelgrunden-Offshore-Wind-Farm 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/54f902e4d3e54b9e16dca2f6e8c67762d36bbfd133cff52cea669e3e01fa4182/Pages-from-Middelgrunden_Offshore_Wind_Farm.jpg Middelgrunden Wind Farm. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d302e4deac1ed9d942082c8537edba9350349ea77b43aefafbe7621351eb0537/WindradKop.jpeg Middelgrunden's 20 turbines stand in a slightly curved formation offshore of Copenhagen, Denmark. Photo (below): PR / Hofor https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/690b944c9068062e8e7677543da725c8baed66495a8dddda41e6a49348bb0d23/middelgrunden.jpeg Middelgrunden's 20 turbines stand in a slightly curved formation offshore of Copenhagen. | Photo: PR / Hofor https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Energy-Futures-and-A-Just-Transition 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3e3bac97778f738f1a2bbc5379d24716016a19e117c3046a45892d9db72089c8/74-79_.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/4c593c236eee4d7acdbe5296d4ded8889b792fb9a90cf5d367a6a5e6f31913ed/36-459.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/99aa0d2ba47b0abd55b26ef15a982043188c279d4c4d89f4a98cc05a804e09e5/Project-Drawdown.jpg Project Drawdown. Especially the electricity sectors. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/83a91a528e49d98b5b5b08eb93c93b7a92d9b68b350b5a963717d5fa989617d7/The-Violence-of-Sustainable-Urbanity---Metropolitics.jpg Swyngedouw, Erik. “The Violence of Sustainable Urbanity.” Metropolitics 10 (November 2014). https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7b3ff0dd145224f037cfc65fbc5974ce8aba7364e9750b8fed796f880142ee73/carbon_population_trade-01-01-01-01-01-01.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f9169bdb803e62e9c660abd4db7c5cee8446f635e32acdcfbe67d477a3f0a33a/Jody-Freeman.png Freeman, Jody and Rob Stavins, “A New Day for Climate Policy: A Conversation with Jody Freeman,” Environmental Insights: Discussions on Policy and Practice from the Harvard Environmental Economics Program, March 01, 2021. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ce0b974433d5b8ac89a388b909c92d661e274be9e1ccfd9e17da0a63372bcf75/Pevzner.png Pevzner, Nicholas, Yekang Ko, and Kirk Dimond, “Power Player” in Landscape Architecture Magazine, June 2021. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/edd4de1d2d973bc472e3696e5e9da04e09a757c2508bb1440e3ecbfd533b8502/billy_fleming.jpeg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1128a77d3451ba1a52980b8110d0ae31fbff3c9a9347aaadab50601d2133f8f0/nicolas-scaled-aspect-ratio-579-477-1-1160x954-c-default.jpeg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/0f7e24d0b861e15fe8dc41b3fb3cfbe8ac82a6c1763280a7564954dd9a1e9312/Screen-Shot-2021-10-01-at-5.50.36-PM.png The Dig. Planet to Win with Thea Riofrancos and Daniel Aldana Cohen https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/b12113c37a6ec8a4b3d56eecdfd682bbbc303c4b7fe0f480b385f3df410d241a/Pages-from-Newell_Mulvaney_Political_Economy_Just_Transition_GJ_2013.jpg Newell, Peter, and Dustin Mulvaney, “The Political Economy of the 'just Transition'.” The Geographical Journal 179 (2) 2013: 132–40. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/8cde3dfa2a18112e37e5801db20966d540a09c1ce3dbe8bded543e4015150c8f/We-have-10-years-to-radically-decarbonize-the-building-industry.-Will_Page_1.jpg Carlisle, Stephanie. "I’ve been polluting the planet for years. I’m not an oil exec—I’m an architect" Fast Company (January 3, 2020) https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Case-06-The-Connected-City 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f595b96a13ed4704ee4e4c82a3cb05b079a59b6ffbfa0f806f078f08ebd877a9/Connected-City-Oberbillwerder.jpg https://www.karresenbrands.com/project/the-connected-city https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ccb3b9b8cc70fab78df90ba2ff470e08f24b75bb81bce6b7f0fce46855eb0b1e/Oberbillwerder_004_credit__Adept_Karres_en_Brands_1180px.jpg https://www.karresenbrands.com/project/the-connected-city https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/e89ea78e550b8437ce8e96158b52b46a187b44a1d890f827ba6cfc5696c9d777/IBA_OBW_Booklet_en_2001.indd.jpg IBA Hamburg. "The Connected City: Oberbillwerder Masterplan." January 2019. https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Low-Carbon-Urbanization-Cultural-Heritage-and-the-City-Plan 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/3165776cdae25e2f6054fd05961d85168cb0998812ffa0756049502060004588/53-584.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/d1990b8612d1d66003d1e8022d1707cefbadba9a6770d177ecfa7ac3fc098109/74-79_2.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/38701c4189516ff31bdd3afbbfa4e3f05d6be00864cbf6e43f6056d39e6b2fc3/74-79_3.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/a653767d4458b0538ba2c3d07fa6ea9f3f9315c4439cdf7e21922eb7313952ec/80.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/ff4d27f9e164e44adc3e7d8b28b805207f86450df899a8dd7edca4e32e77a28e/74-79_4.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/99aa0d2ba47b0abd55b26ef15a982043188c279d4c4d89f4a98cc05a804e09e5/Project-Drawdown.jpg Project Drawdown. Especially the transportation sectors. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/009b8a73f164629088b60b3fe3ebe70f76708a42232c4b5514b041ee705a5b68/Imaginary-politics_-Climate-change-and-making-the-future.jpg Milkoreit, Manjana. "Imaginary Politics: Climate Change and Making the Future." Elementa (Washington, D.C.) 5 (2017): 1-18. [Teams] https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1ab587430a9174a2ae4f8fe66f2b985572f0f9ceb78fe1814510c34adf1e60b8/Equity-Impacts-of-Urban-Land-Use-Planning-for-Climate-Adaptation.jpg Anguelovski, I, Shi, L, Chu, E, Gallagher, D, Goh, K, Lamb, Z, Reeve, K, and Teicher, H. "Equity Impacts of Urban Land Use Planning for Climate Adaptation: Critical Perspectives from the Global North and South." Journal of Planning Education and Research 36, no. 3 (2016): 333-48. [Teams] https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/08de3e947e6fb427dac2950ad81667d518dff99ef4a781fba9f3f42987ebb017/The-politics-of-resilient-cities_-whose-resilience-and-whose-city_.jpg Vale, Lawrence J. "The Politics of Resilient Cities: Whose Resilience and Whose City?" Building Research & Information: Resilience in the Built Environment 42, no. 2 (2014): 191–201. [Teams] https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/7b3ff0dd145224f037cfc65fbc5974ce8aba7364e9750b8fed796f880142ee73/carbon_population_trade-01-01-01-01-01-01.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1640ec0f6c16efcabeb2c6d649a465bded1007e54dbc65145261cd94db171f34/36-452.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/10e3343cff757bd629c3866b3e62b19d0f8aab118684e881b65490183afacca8/Cover_Griffiths_Sovacool_LowCarbonCity.jpg Griffiths, Steven, and Benjamin K. Sovacool. “Rethinking the Future Low-Carbon City: Carbon Neutrality, Green Design, and Sustainability Tensions in the Making of Masdar City.” Energy Research & Social Science, vol. 62, Elsevier Ltd, 2020, p. 1-9.[Teams] https://landscapeclimate.cargo.site/Case-05-Inform-Risk 2026-05-31T19:25:52+00:00 always 0.5 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f52848841098ecc665b0ca5bb3b7063461bb528c557a3a01d1912e5e9f10372b/Inform-at-Risk.PNG https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2175-33692016000100042 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/80ae6a3ebc275eaa68ec8126675d71a2aeab2ffceb96614036ba920401784669/shifting-grounds.jpg Claghorn, Joseph, and Werthmann, Christian. "Shifting Ground: Landslide Risk Mitigation through Community-based Landscape Interventions." Journal of Landscape Architecture 10, no. 1 (2015): 6-15. 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Larson and Joanna Campe. Geotherapy: Innovative Methods of Soil Fertility Restoration, Carbon Sequestration and Reversing CO2 Increase. New York: CRC Press, 2014: 196-223. [Teams] https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/f17349e42e227ca7df3e1bbf6d21526cc1f7c61b69148cc8d970b8d81fb13812/1-9a31c5be60.jpg Denizen, Seth. “The Stratophysics of Urban Soil Production.” Land & Animal & Nonanimal (Intercalations) 2 (2015):51-73. 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University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2019. https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/58663310561c26d2c85a68cca35d98f405b263796ed7b428684214f7f24aa46a/forest-cover_drought_gdp-01-01.jpg https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/1b22030e1589d36e435eec0270500f6c9851056f462a579ba5a90e8d6ebe0a87/MOritz.png Moritz, Max A, Batllori, Enric, Bradstock, Ross A, Gill, A Malcolm, Handmer, John, Hessburg, Paul F, Leonard, Justin, et al. 2014. “Learning to Coexist with Wildfire.” Nature (London) 515 (7525): 58–66. [Teams] https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/eb9b5e6200d45468513446fc8991bf1ed762d181d4f9762531ba6b595b14b701/Klinenberg.png Klinenberg, Eric. “Conclusion: Emerging Dangers in the Urban Environment,” in Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago. Second edition. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2015: 225-235. 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"Productive Filtration: Living System Infrastructure in Calcutta," Scenario Journal, Spring 2013 https://freight.cargo.site/t/original/i/923da998042813d982aeb251cfe98c8d726ee88720f9ee9bdc1fc17ce12f92c6/aquaculture.JPG Bunting, Stuart W, Pretty, Jules, and Edwards, Peter. "Wastewater-fed Aquaculture in the East Kolkata Wetlands, India: Anachronism or Archetype for Resilient Ecocultures?" Reviews in Aquaculture 2, no. 3 (2010): 138-53. 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